Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Histology > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

(89 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Connective tissue is different from epithelium in that it has ___ cells and ___ amounts of extracellular matrix

A

few; large

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most important function of connective tissue?

A

structural support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Connective tissues are used for storage of ____

A

metabolites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

True or false?
Connective tissues play an important role in defense and protection by mediating immune responses, as well as in repair by formation of fibrous scars.

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the three main types of fibers present in connective tissue? What are they formed by?

A

collagen fibers: collagen
reticular fibers: collagen
elastic fibers: elastin and fibrillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

True or false?

Collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What produces collagen?

A

fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Collagen fibrils are formed by polymerized ____ molecules

A

tropocollagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tropocollagen is formed by a ___ of collagen molecules

A

trimer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

True or false?

Collagen fibrils can be visualized in the light microscope

A

false; only collagen fibers and reticular fibers can be visualized in the light microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Collagen fibrils are assembled into collagen fibers, which are then assembled into collagen ___

A

bundles

note: collagen bundles are formed only by type I collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is type I collagen found?

A

dermis, tendons, ligaments, fascia, bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where it type II collagen found?

A

cartilage

note: this type of collagen forms fibrils but not fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is type III collagen found?

A

forms banded fibrils that assemble into reticular fibers which form a supporting framework for loose connective tissue, walls of blood vessels, lymphoid tissues, bone marrow, smooth muscle, nerves, lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is type IV collagen found?

A

basal lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the name of the syndrome caused by defective collagen fibers. Typically patients present with skin, hyper elasticity, loose, unstable joints, low muscle tone, bone abnormalities

A

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Elastin is a protein that contains a ___ domain, which causes the elastin molecules to coil in aqueous environment

A

hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Elastin molecules are cross-linked by covalent bonds. True or false?

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

_____ is a glycoprotein that forms thin microfibrils that surround the developing elastic fibers and provide substrate for their assembly

A

fibrillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Mutations in the fibrillin gene cause a congenital connective tissue disorder called the ____ syndrome, which results in cardiovascular, skeletal, and ocular defects including mitral valve prolapse, rupture of elastic arteries, etc.

A

Marfan’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

___ ____ fills in spaces between the fibers in the extracellular matrix

A

ground substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the main components of ground substance?

A

glucosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which is the most abundant component of ground substance?

A

GAGs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The strong negative charge of GAGs make them hydrophilic. Explain the importance of this

A

GAGs bind water and form a highly hydrated gel - helps resist compression and deformation and allows quick diffusion of water-soluble particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
True or false? Hyaluronic acid is never present in the extracellular matrix.
false; always present
26
True or false? Hyaluronic acid does not form proteoglycans.
true
27
Describe the structure of a proteoglycan
Proteoglycans are composed of GAGs covalently attached to core proteins. The proteoglycans attach noncovalently though a link protein to long chains of hyaluronic acid and form giant aggregates.
28
What do multi adhesive glycoproteins do?
serve as cross-links between collagen, extracellular matrix, and cells and play an important role in stabilizing the ECM
29
Multiadhesive glycoproteins bind ECM to the transmembrane proteins form the ___ family, which are associated with hemidesmosomes and focal adhesions
integrin
30
What is the most abundant glycoprotein in the connective tissue?
fibronectin note: each fibronectin molecule is a dimer
31
This multiadhesive glycoprotein is present in the basal lamina
laminin
32
Resident cells of the connective tissue undergo mitosis ____ the connective tissue and spend most of their lifetime ___ the connective tissue
within; in
33
What is the principal resident cell of connective tissue?
fibroblasts
34
What do fibroblasts do?
produce components of the ECM, including collagen and elastic fibers, GAGs, proteoglycans, multi adhesive glycoproteins, and others
35
____ fibroblasts are present in the actively growing connective tissue, or during wound repair. They are characterized by abundant cytoplasm with many thin processes. The nucleus is oval-shaped, pale, euchromatic, usually with one or more well-expressed nucleoli. They are commonly found in loose connective tissue.
active
36
____ fibroblasts are present in dense connective tissues that are not growing. They have a limited cytoplasm with a less developed RER and Golgi. Their nucleus is heterochromatic and is usually dark and elongated.
inactive
37
_____ display properties of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Besides RER and Golgi, they also contain bundles of actin filaments and dense bodies similar to those of smooth muscle cells. Despite their ability to contract, they are NOT a type of smooth muscle cell and differs from the latter in sever aspects e.g. not having an external lamina. They are often numerous at wound sites .
Myofibroblasts
38
_____ cells are present in the embryonic connective tissue and superficially resemble active fibroblasts in having pale, euchromatic uncle and well-developed RER and Golgi. They are PLURIPOTENT and give rise to many other connective tissue cells including fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and adipocytes
mesenchymal
39
What are the most common adipocytes? What do they look like?
unilocular adipcytes; large spherical cells and contain a single large lipid droplet
40
What are aggregates of unilocular adipocytes called?
white adipose tissue
41
What are the type of adipocytes found in brown adipose tissue?
multilocular adipcytes
42
Macrophages come from blood ____. They have a ____ shaped nucleus.
monocytes; kidney
43
What are the functions of macrophages?
phagocytosis of bacteria, senescent cells; present antigens; and produce cytokines
44
``` Give the locations for the following cells in the mononuclear phagocytic system: Histocytes alveolar macrophages kupffer cells osteoclasts langerhans cells dendritic cells microglial cells ```
``` Histocytes: connective tissue alveolar macrophages: lung kupffer cells: liver osteoclasts: bone langerhans cells: skin dendritic cells: lymph node microglial cells: CNS ```
45
Where do mast cells come from? What does their nucleus look like?
bone marrow; rounded, oval nucleus
46
Mast cells have large granules in their cytoplasm. What are the three main granules?
histamine, heparin/chondroitin sulfate, chemotactic mediators
47
The surface of mast cells contain specific receptors for Ig___
E
48
Activation of a mast cell occurs during the ___ exposure to the antigen, when plasma cells produce large amounts of IgE, which becomes bound to the surface of mast cells
first
49
In regards to mast cells, what happens during the subsequent exposure to the antigen?
antigen binds IgE, cross-linking of IgE, clustering of receptors, degranulation
50
Describe what happens during degranulation. Focus on Histamine, Chemotactic mediators, and the hypersensitivity reaction.
Histamine causes vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, bronchoconstriction, and increased mucus production chemotactic mediators attract eosinophils and neutrophils hypersensitivity reaction causes anaphylactic shock
51
What are the 4 main types of resident cells?
fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, and mast cells
52
Transient cells are immune system cells. The two main types are what?
plasma cells, leukocytes
53
Where do plasma cells come from? What do they do?
come from B lymphocytes, secrete antibodies
54
Where are plasma cells abundant? What do their nuclei look like?
abundant in RER, Golgi; nucleus has clock-face chromatin pattern
55
True or false? | plasma cells have high mobility
false; little mobility
56
Embryonic connective tissues. Give the two types of tissues.
mesenchyme; mucous connective tissue
57
Connective tissue proper. Give the two types.
Loose, dense
58
Specialized connective tissues. Name all 5.
adipose tissue, reticular tissue, blood, bone, cartilage
59
Mesenchyme
embryo; cells form a 3-D network; few fibers in ECM
60
Mucous connective tissue
only in umbilical cord; lots of hyaluronan; no collagen; gelatin-like appearance - Wharton's jelly
61
Loose connective tissue
Few collagen fibers, abundant ground substance, highly cellular; found in lamina propria surrounding peripheral nerves, blood vessels, and excretory ducts
62
Dense connective tissue (general)
more fibrous, bundles of collagen, fewer cells
63
Dense irregular connective tissue
collagen fibers and bundles - different directions, elastic fibers, little ground substance, fibroblasts,few transient cells, designed to resist stress from all directions; found in dermis and capsules of internal organs
64
Dense regular connective tissue
collagen fibers and bundles - same direction, inactive fibroblasts with nuclei compressed/little cytoplasm; designed to resist stress in one direction; found in tendon, ligament, and aponeurosis
65
Reticular tissue
meshwork; collagen type III; does not form bundles
66
How much blood is found in the body?
6 liters
67
``` Blood regulates which of the following: homeostasis temperature pH osmotic pressure ```
all of them
68
Plasma is ___% water, and contains the protein albumin which maintains ____
90; osmolarity
69
What is the size of an RBC in micrometers
8 x 2.5 micrometers
70
___ WBC vs. ___ RBC
1; 600
71
A leukocyte count higher than _____ indicates leukocytosis. A leukocyte count lower than ___ indicates leucopenia
12,000 / mm3; 5,000 / mm3
72
Leukocytes use ___ movement within tissues
amoeboid
73
In regards to classification of leukocytes, name the 3 granulocytes, and the two agranulocytes
granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils | no granulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes
74
______ are the most common WBC, making up 55-70% of all WBC. They are 10-12 micrometers in size and multilobed (polymorphonuclear).
neutrophils
75
Neutrophils primary function is what?
bacterial phagocytosis, secrete IL-1
76
____ make up 2-4% of all WBC. They are 11-14 micrometers in size, bilobed, and contain cytotoxins in their granules.
eosinophils
77
Presence of eosinophils is common during what?
parasitic infestations and allergic reactions - break down histamine and inhibit mast cell degranulation
78
____ are the rarest of all WBC, making up only 0.5-1.5% of all WBC. They are 8-10 micrometers in sized and have a lobed nucleus. Their granules contain histamine and heparin
basophils
79
What do basophils produce?
histamine - similar to mast cell
80
____ makes up 20-30% of all WBC. They are 6-12 micrometers in size. They have a heterochromatic nucleus with a tiny rim of cytoplasm with no granules.
lymphocytes
81
How do lymphocytes travel?
circulate through blood and internal organs where they mature and divide
82
Name each type of lymphocyte and what percentage of the total population they make up.
T lymphocytes 80% B lymphocytes 15% NK cells 5%
83
T lymphocytes arise from where? They migrate to the ___ to mature. What do they produce?
formed in bone marrow; thymus; produce cytokines
84
Where do B lymphocytes arise from and where do they reside? What do they proliferate into?
arise from bone marrow; reside in lymphoid tissue; proliferate into plasma cells
85
NK cells are programmed during ____. What do they kill?
development; virus-infected cells and some tumor cells
86
____ make up 2-6% of all WBC. They are 12-20 micrometers in size. They bean-shaped nuclei and have lysosomes in their cytoplasm. They are precursors for phagocytic cells.
monocytes
87
Monocytes circulate through blood and migrate into tissues where they become ____
macrophages
88
What is the total platelet range for a normal adult?
200,000 - 300,000 / mm3
89
What is the lifespan of a platelet?
8-10 days

Histology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions