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HISTOLOGY (COLLECTIVE) > Connective Tissue (Grace) > Flashcards

Connective Tissue (Grace) Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 important functions of connective tissue

A

•Connect epithelium to the rest of the body (basal lamina)
•Provide structure (bone)
•Store energy (fat)
•Transport materials (blood)
*Have no contact with environment*

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2
Q

Characteristic components of connective tissue include: (3)

A
  • Specialized cells
  • Solid extracellular protein fibers
  • Fluid extracellular ground substance
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3
Q

What structure:

– makes up the majority of cell volume
– determines specialized function

A

the cell matrix

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4
Q

3 classifications of CT are:

(name & function)

A

•Connective tissue proper:
–connect and protect
•Fluid connective tissues:
–transport
•Supportive connective tissues:
–structural strength

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5
Q

What type of CT is this?

What are its subcategories (2)?

A

CT Proper

•Loose connective tissue:
–more ground substance, less fibers
–e.g., fat (adipose tissue)
•Dense connective tissue:
–more fibers, less ground substance
–e.g., tendons

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6
Q

8 Cell Types of
Connective Tissue Proper are:

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Macrophages
  • Adipocytes
  • Mesenchymal cells
  • Melanocytes
  • Mast cells
  • Lymphocytes
  • Microphages
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7
Q

Fibroblasts

(most abundant cell type)

  1. In what type of CT are they found?
  2. what do they secrete?
A

–found in all connective tissue proper
–secrete proteins and hyaluronan (cellular cement)

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8
Q

Macrophages

  1. size/shape?
  2. involved in what system?
  3. main function?
  4. Fixed vs. Free?
A
  1. Large, amoeba-like cells
  2. function in the immune system
  3. function: eat pathogens and damaged cells
  4. Fixed macrophages stay in tissue vs. Free macrophages migrate
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9
Q

Adipocytes

  1. cell type?
  2. function?
A
  1. fat cells
  2. each cell stores a single, large fat droplet
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10
Q

Mesenchymal Cells

  1. type of cell?
  2. responds to?
  3. differentiates into?
  4. main functions?
A
  1. Stem cells
  2. respond to injury or infection
  3. differentiate into: fibroblasts, macrophages, etc.
  4. repair tissues, regeneration, differentiation
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11
Q

Melanocytes

function?

A

•Synthesize and store the brown pigment melanin

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12
Q

Mast Cells

  1. stimulate?
  2. releases?
  3. mast cells carried by blood are called?
A
  1. Stimulate inflammation after injury or infection
  2. release histamine and heparin (immunoresponse)
  3. Basophils
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13
Q

Which of the following is NOT a fiber found in connective tissue?

a. Collagen fiber
b. Elastic fiber
c. Reticular fiber
d. Purkinje fiber
e. All of the above are fibers found in connective tissue

A

Answer: d

Purkinje fibers are seen in the heart. Purkinje fibers are specialized muscle fibers.

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14
Q
  1. Which of the following can be classified as “embryonic connective tissue”?
    a. Cartilage
    b. Mucous connective tissue
    d. Adipose tissue
    d. Bone
    e. Blood
A

Answer: b

Embryonic connective tissue includes mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue.

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15
Q
  1. What type of adipose tissue tends to increase as humans age?
    a. Brown adipose tissue
    b. White adipose tissue
    c. Unilocular adipose tissue
    d. Multilocular adipose tissue
    e. Both b and c
A

Answer: e

Brown adipose tissue is multilocular adipose tissue. This is present during fetal development and then decreases after birth.

White adipose tissue is unilocular adipose tissue. This type of tissue persists into adulthood.

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16
Q

What color do elastic fibers stain with Verhoeff Elastic stain?

a. Red/Orange
b. Pink/red
c. Purple/Red
d. Blue/black
e. Green/blue

A

Answer: d

Verhoeff Elastic stain stains elastic fibers blue/black. Collagen stains pink/red.

17
Q

Which connective tissue cell type produces the ground substance in connective tissue?

a. Fibroblast
b. Myofibroblast
c. Histiocyte
d. Plasma cell
e. Mast cell

A

Answer: a

Fibroblasts produce collagen. The fibroblast also produces the ground substance in connective tissue.

18
Q

Which connective tissue cell is derived from B lymphocytes?

a. Fibroblast
b. Myofibroblast
c. Histiocyte
d. Plasma cell
e. Mast cell

A

Answer: d

Plasma cells are derived from B lymphocytes.

19
Q

What type of connective tissue is an undifferentiated tissue found in the embryo?

a. Mucous connective tissue
b. Mesenchyme
c. Loose irregular connective tissue
d. Dense irregular connective tissue
e. Dense regular connective tissue

A

Answer: b

Mesenchyme is embryonic connective tissue. It is an undifferentiated tissue found in the embryo.

20
Q

Which of the following is not associated with connective tissue?

a. Tightly packed cells
b. Extracellular fibers
c. Tissue fluid
d. Ground substance
e. None of the above; all of the above are seen with connective tissue

A

Answer: a

Connective tissue consists of cells and extracellular fibers in a ground substance and tissue fluid. There is generally abundant extracellular space in connective tissue; the cells are not tightly packed.

21
Q

Which of the following would be best suited to visualize lipid?

a. Wright’s stain
b. Hematoxylin and eosin stain
c. Sudan stain
d. Silver impregnation
e. Masson’s trichrome stain

A

Answer: c

A peripheral blood smear would be best visualized with Wright’s stain. Hematoxylin and eosin stain is the most commonly used tissue stain for routine histological examination. Lipids are best displayed with a sudan stain. Silver impregnation, such as with a reticular stain, can be used to visualize reticular fibers. Collagen fibers can be differentiated from other fibers by staining with Masson’s trichrome stain.

22
Q

Which of the following can be classified as “specialized connective tissue”?

a. Loose connective tissue
b. Mesenchyme
c. Adipose tissue
d. Mucous connective tissue
e. Dense connective tissue

A

Answer: c

Specialized connective tissue includes cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, blood and hemopoietic tissue, and lymphatic tissue.

23
Q

What type of adipose tissue tends to decrease as humans age?

a. Brown adipose tissue
b. White adipose tissue
c. Unilocular adipose tissue
d. Multilocular adipose tissue
e. Both a and d

A

Answer: e

Brown adipose tissue is multilocular adipose tissue. This is present during fetal development and then decreases after birth.

24
Q

Which of the following would be best suited to visualize reticular fibers?

a. Wright’s stain
b. Hematoxylin and eosin stain
c. Sudan stain
d. Silver impregnation
e. Masson’s trichrome stain

A

Answer: d

A peripheral blood smear would be best visualized with Wright’s stain. Hematoxylin and eosin stain is the most commonly used tissue stain for routine histological examination. Lipids are best displayed with a sudan stain. Silver impregnation, such as with a reticular stain, can be used to visualize reticular fibers. Collagen fibers can be differentiated from other fibers by staining with Masson’s trichrome stain.

25
Q

What type of tissue makes up the “Adam’s apple”?

a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Fibrocartilage
c. Elastic cartilage
d. Both a and b
e. Both a and c

A

Answer: a

The “Adam’s apple” is a nickname for part of the larynx formed by the thyroid cartilage. The thyroid cartilage is composed of hyaline cartilage.

26
Q

Which type of cartilage forms the intervertebral disc?

a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

A

Answer: c

Fibrocartilage forms the intervertebral disc.

27
Q

Which type of cartilage forms the hammer, anvil and stirrup?

a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

A

Answer: e

The hammer, anvil and stirrup are the bones in the middle ear. They are made of bone, not cartilage.

28
Q

What cell produces the cartilaginous matrix?

a. Chondrocyte
b. Chondroblast
c. Osteocyte
d. Osteoclast
e. Bone lining cell

A

Answer: b

The mature cell in cartilage is a chondrocyte. It rests in a lacunae surrounded by matrix. A chondroblast is an immature cartilage cell which produces the cartilaginous matrix. An osteocyte is a mature bone cell. An osteoclast is a bone cell which is involved in resorption of bone. A bone lining cell is a resting osteoblast.

29
Q

Which type of cartilage is found in the larynx?

a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
d. Both a and b
e. All of the above

A

Answer: d

The larynx is composed of several cartilages. The thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilages, corniculate cartilages and cuneiform cartilages are all composed of hyaline cartilage. The epiglottis is elastic cartilage. There is no fibrocartilage in the larynx.

30
Q

Which type of cartilage is characterized by the presence of chondrocytes sitting in lacunae?

a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

A

Answer: d

Hyaline cartilage is characterized by a glassy matrix.

Elastic cartilage has elastic fibers in the matrix.

Fibrocartilage has thick bundles of collagen fibers in the matrix.

All three types of cartilage are composed of chondrocytes residing in lacunae and a hydrous extracellular matrix. All three types of cartilage are avascular.

31
Q

Which type of cartilage forms the symphysis pubis?

a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

A

Answer: c

Fibrocartilage forms the symphysis pubis.

32
Q

Costal cartilage is composed of what type of cartilage?

a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

A

Answer: a

Costal cartilage is the cartilage at the end of the ribs. It is hyaline cartilage.

33
Q

What structure is called white cartilage?

a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
d. Compact bone
e. Spongy bone

A

Answer: c

Elastic cartilage is sometimes referred to as yellow cartilage. Fibrocartilage is sometimes referred to as white cartilage.

34
Q

What percent of the matrix of cartilage is water?

a. 0
b. 10-40
c. 40-60
d. 60-80
e. 80-100

A

Answer: d

The matrix of cartilage is 60-80% water.

35
Q

What type of tissue makes up the rings of the trachea?

a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Fibrocartilage
c. Elastic cartilage
d. Both a and b
e. Both a and c

A

Answer: a

The rings of the trachea are composed of hyaline cartilage.

36
Q

What type of tissue makes up the epiglottis?

a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Fibrocartilage
c. Elastic cartilage
d. Both a and b
e. Both a and c

A

Answer: c

The epiglottis is part of the larynx. It is composed of elastic cartilage.

37
Q

Which type of cartilage is present in the temporomandibular joint?

a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

A

Answer: c

Fibrocartilage is present in the temporomandibular joint.

HISTOLOGY (COLLECTIVE) (11 decks)

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