Conscience

Question 1

Who are the religious scholars for conscience?

Answer 1

Aquinas and Butler (+ Augustine)

Question 2

Who are the secular scholars for conscience?

Answer 2

Freud and Fromm (+ Piaget)

Question 3

What is conscientia?

Answer 3

The ability to understand right and wrong (applying the precepts to situations)

Question 4

Does Aquinas believe conscience is God given?

Answer 4

Yes

Question 5

Does Aquinas believe the conscience can be wrong?

Answer 5

Yes

Question 6

What are the two types of ignorance that can affect the conscience?

Answer 6

Vincible and Invincible

Question 7

What is invincible ignorance?

Answer 7

When the moral agent is not aware of the moral principle

Question 8

What is vincible ignorance?

Answer 8

When the moral agent is aware of the moral principle but does not know that it applies to the situation

Question 9

What does Aquinas view the conscience as?

Answer 9

Reason

Question 10

Does Aquinas believe that the conscience should be followed?

Answer 10

Yes

Question 11

What does Butler view the conscience as?

Answer 11

An intuitive guide

Question 12

Does Butler believe the conscience is God-given?

Answer 12

Yes

Question 13

What does the conscience guide between according to Butler?

Answer 13

Self-love and benevolence

Question 14

Does Butler believe the conscience can be wrong?

Answer 14

No

Question 15

What does Butler describe the conscience as in relation to humanity?

Answer 15

“The law of our nature”

Question 16

Does Butler believe the conscience should be followed?

Answer 16

Yes

Question 17

What does Augustine believe the conscience is?

Answer 17

The voice of God

Question 18

Does Augustine believe the conscience should be followed?

Answer 18

Yes

Question 19

What does Freud link the conscience to?

Answer 19

Feelings of guilt

Question 20

What does Freud believe the conscience is developed from?

Answer 20

Rules given to us by authority during childhood

Question 21

What element of the self is the conscience according to Freud?

Answer 21

The superego

Question 22

Does Freud believe the conscience is innate or acquired?

Answer 22

Neither, the moral principles are acquired but the conscience is developed like a skill

Question 23

Does Freud believe the conscience can be wrong?

Answer 23

Yes

Question 24

When does Fromm believe the conscience is developed?

Answer 24

Throughout a person’s lifetime?

Question 25

What does Fromm believe the conscience is developed from?

Answer 25

All rules given by authority

Question 26

What types of Authority affect the Authoritarian conscience?

Answer 26

Society, Government, work, school, family, etc

Question 27

What predetermines the authoritarian conscience?

Answer 27

socio-economic forces

Question 28

What are the two types of conscience outlined by Fromm?

Answer 28

Authoritarian and Humanitarian?

Question 29

What is the Humanitarian conscience?

Answer 29

The ability of a person to evaluate and judge their own behavior (as their own authority)

Question 30

What does the TINA principle stand for?

Answer 30

There Is No Alternative

Question 31

What is the TINA principle used for?

Answer 31

To direct the conscience of the public

Question 32

How does Piaget believe the conscience is developed?

Answer 32

Through social interaction

Question 33

What are the two types of morality outlined by Piaget?

Answer 33

Heteronomous and Autonomous

Question 34

What is Heteronomous morality?

Answer 34

An understanding of right and wrong based on rules and consequences, developed between 5-10 years old

Question 35

What is Autonomous morality?

Answer 35

An independent understanding and creation of rules from ages 10+