Consciousness quis Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
Which of the following best describes the state of “flow”?
A
immersion
2
Q
The delusional, illogical nature of dreams likely results in large part from
A
deactivation of the prefrontal cortex during sleep.
3
Q
Suppose the shapes in an advertisement subtly spell out a positive word, which most people do not notice. The advertisers are using
A
subliminal perception.
4
Q
What information would be most helpful for determining whether someone had experienced brain death versus unresponsive wakefulness syndrome?
A
whether the person shows any brain activity
5
Q
Why is REM sleep called paradoxical sleep?
A
The person’s body is asleep, but the person’s brain is active.
6
Q
Which of the following people is most likely to experience insomnia?
A
an older woman
7
Q
According to modern research, which of the following influence(s) the content of dreams?
A
daily experiences
8
Q
DeMarco has been diagnosed as being in a minimally conscious state. Which of the following behaviors is DeMarco most likely to exhibit?
A
deliberate eye movements
9
Q
A social interaction during which a person responds to suggestions to experience changes in memory, perception, and voluntary action is also called
A
hypnosis.
10
Q
After a period of sleep deprivation, you would expect a person to exhibit
A
microsleeps.
11
Q
A person with unresponsive wakefulness syndrome ________ while a person with brain death
A
shows normal sleep/wake patterns; does not show normal sleep/wake patterns
12
Q
Which of the following is most heavily involved in regulating sleep/wake cycles?
A
frontal cortex
13
Q
As you get older, you have fewer (less) ________ during sleep, suggesting that your brain actively has to work to keep you sleeping.
A
sleep spindles
14
Q
The neodissociation theory of hypnosis differs from the sociocognitive theory of hypnosis in that it asserts that
A
hypnosis is an altered state.
15
Q
John snores loudly and often wakes up gasping for air. He is most likely suffering from
A
obstructive sleep apnea.
16
Q
Sean, who is 18 years old, complains that he never dreams. He asks if this could be possible. Based on what you know about dream behavior, you are likely to
A
disagree with him because we all have dreams unless we have a specific brain injury or are on a certain kind of medication.
17
Q
A person whose EEG shows predominantly theta waves is most likely
A
in stage 1 sleep.
18
Q
In one study, a large number of patients were assigned to practice transcendental meditation or to complete an educational program. The transcendental meditation group experienced improvement on a number of health measures relative to the education group. The researchers are now designing a new study to rule out alternative explanations for the findings. Which of the following changes to the study design would best address the main alternative explanations?
A
Add a relaxation control group.
19
Q
In Freud’s book, The Interpretation of Dreams, the part of a dream that is remembered is referred to as ________ content.
A
manifest
20
Q
A social interaction during which a person responds to suggestions to experience changes in memory, perception, and voluntary action is also called
A
hypnosis.
21
Q
Which of the following is most commonly a part of meditation?
A
focusing attention on one particular thing, such as one’s breathing pattern
22
Q
“Brain death” is said to occur when activity stops
A
everywhere in the brain.
23
Q
While at a party, a friend tells you that he thinks his brain only processes one thing at a time. To demonstrate that he is wrong, you later stand nearby and, while he is engaged in another conversation, say out loud
A
his name
24
Q
Which animal has unihemispherical sleep patterns?
A
dolphin
25
Suppose you want to test if some of your dreams are mundane. To check this, you should ask a friend to wake you during
non-REM sleep.
26
Hypnosis, meditation, and drug use allow an individual to
alter consciousness.
27
According to research on hypnosis, what is the most important factor for hypnosis to work?
the suggestibility of the individual who is to be hypnotized
28
Which of the following is true about non-REM sleep and dreams?
Dreams during non-REM sleep are likely to be mundane.
29
Eiling is about to undergo surgery. Her surgeon gives her a questionnaire and finds that she is low in hypnotic suggestibility. Which of the following is most likely to be effective for reducing Eiling’s pain after surgery?
opiates
30
According to the sociocognitive theory, hypnosis is
a social act.
31
Regarding escapist pursuits, which of the following statements is true?
Escapist activities can be helpful, harmless, or detrimental.
32
Which of the following is most heavily involved in regulating sleep/wake cycles?
frontal cortex
33
At what sleep stage does your breathing become more regular and your awareness of external stimulation decrease?
stage 2
34
Which of the following is NOT associated with receiving lower test scores?
sitting next to someone who is taking notes on a laptop during class
35
Which of the following is usually NOT an example of consciousness?
daydreaming
36
According to Freud, the manifest content of a dream
is the dream you remember having
37
The ethical issue surrounding the Terri Schiavo case was whether Terri was
in a minimally conscious state.
38
The neodissociation theory of hypnosis differs from the sociocognitive theory of hypnosis in that it asserts that
hypnosis is an altered state.
39
As you get older, you have fewer (less) ________ during sleep, suggesting that your brain actively has to work to keep you sleeping.
sleep spindles
40
The restorative theory is used to explain which of the following phenomena?
sleep
41
Sleep deprivation can increase the activation of ________ receptors in the brain, which in turn can alleviate symptoms of ________.
serotonin; depression
42
One example of an automatic process is
Walking
43
Which of the following must be the case for a stimulus to have an effect on behavior?
A person must perceive the stimulus.
44
What brain region(s) have been linked to narcolepsy?
hypotalamus
45
Consciousness is necessary for each of the following EXCEPT
automatic processing.
46
Which of the following is most characteristic of REM sleep?
dreaming
47
Suppose you have been asleep for approximately 90 minutes. What sleep stage are you likely to begin to enter?
REM-sleep
48
The neodissociation theory of hypnosis differs from the sociocognitive theory of hypnosis in that it asserts that
hypnosis is an altered state.
49
Jasmin is a talented guitarist, while Luis is a gifted chef. Which of the following scenarios is most likely to give Jasmin and Luis a sense of “flow”?
Jasmin will experience flow while practicing guitar, while Luis will experience flow while cooking.
50
Which of the following provides the strongest support for the global workspace model?
A hemineglect patient is not aware that she is missing part of the visual world.
51
Consciousness is necessary for each of the following EXCEPT
automatic processing.
52
In order to remember your dreams, you decide to have a friend wake you up when you are likely to be dreaming. To maximize the chance of this happening, your friend should wake you up
after 90 minutes.
53
In order to most effectively alter behavior, subliminal messages should target a person’s
motivational state.
54
At what sleep stage does your breathing become more regular and your awareness of external stimulation decrease?
Stage 2
55
After a short period of unconsciousness, Janine is showing signs of mental confusion, dizziness, and memory problems. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her symptoms?
concussion
56
Based on the discussion of historical perspectives in psychology from Chapter 1 in your text, which early psychologist(s) would be comfortable with the current focus on consciousness in modern psychology?
both James and Titchener
57
The difference between concentrative meditation and mindfulness meditation is that
mindfulness meditation involves listening to free-flowing thoughts without responding; concentrative meditation focuses attention on mental images or one particular thing.
58
You find your friend sleeping and wake her up, but she denies she was sleeping. Your friend was likely in which stage of sleep?
stage 1
59
Which of the following is the most effective treatment for insomnia?
drug therapy with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
60
According to Freud, the manifest content of a dream
is the dream you remember having.
61
Which of the following is true about subliminal perception?
Subliminal messages have little, if any, effect on behavior.
62
Which of the following is considered a form of meditation?
mindfulness
63
According to the ________ model, consciousness should be a function of ___
global workspace; which brain circuits are active
64
Occasionally, Jon will fall asleep while working with a customer. Jon is experiencing which sleep disorder?
narcolepsy
65
Based on the discussion of historical perspectives in psychology from Chapter 1 in your text, which early psychologist(s) would be comfortable with the current focus on consciousness in modern psychology?
both James and Titchener
66
The SLEEPLESS gene regulates a protein that reduces ________ in the brain.
action potentials
67
How do successive REM periods change as the night progresses?
Successive REM periods become longer.
68
John snores loudly and often wakes up gasping for air. He is most likely suffering from
obstructive sleep apnea.
69
Regarding escapist pursuits, which of the following statements is true?
Escapist activities can be helpful, harmless, or detrimental.
70
Which of the following is true about REM and dreams?
Dreams during REM sleep are likely to be bizarre.
71
One example of an automatic process is
walking.
72
Which of the following provides the strongest support for the global workspace model?
A hemineglect patient is not aware that she is missing part of the visual world.
73
Suppose you want to test if some of your dreams are mundane. To check this, you should ask a friend to wake you during
non-REM sleep.
74
At what sleep stage does your breathing become more regular and your awareness of external stimulation decrease?
stage 2
75
Why is REM sleep called paradoxical sleep?
The person’s body is asleep, but the person’s brain is active.
76
John believes that the mind is governed by a different set of structures and rules than the physical body. Based on this belief, one could conclude that John is a
Dualist
77
A Freudian slip is presumed to be a(n)
unconscious thought that was expressed at an inappropriate time.
78
Which of the following abilities is most impaired during sleep?
experiencing conscious awareness
79
Which of the following is most characteristic of REM sleep?
dreaming
80
Which of the following is the most effective treatment for insomnia?
drug therapy with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
81
According to Freud, the manifest content of a dream
is the dream you remember having.
82
Which of the following is NOT associated with receiving lower test scores?
sitting next to someone who is taking notes on a laptop during class
83
Circadian rhythms can best be described as
biological clocks controlling hormone levels, temperature, and the sleep cycle.
84
If you were given an EEG while you were awake and alert, what type of brain waves would show up on your EEG?
beta waves
85
Which of the following disorders may be helped by sleep deprivation?
depression
86
Consciousness is necessary for each of the following EXCEPT
automatic processing.
87
Eiling is about to undergo surgery. Her surgeon gives her a questionnaire and finds that she is low in hypnotic suggestibility. Which of the following is most likely to be effective for reducing Eiling’s pain after surgery?
opiates
88
Which of the following is most heavily involved in regulating sleep/wake cycles?
frontal cortex
89
The ethical issue surrounding the Terri Schiavo case was whether Terri was
in a minimally conscious state.
90
The study by Wheatley and Haidt (2005), in which individuals were given posthypnotic suggestions to feel disgust over a certain word, provided evidence that posthypnotic suggestions
may actually have an influence on behavior.
91
Suppose the shapes in an advertisement subtly spell out a positive word, which most people do not notice. The advertisers are using
subliminal perception
92
In Freud’s book, The Interpretation of Dreams, the part of a dream that is remembered is referred to as ________ content.
manifest
93
Suppose that while a man is asking you for directions, a large framed picture is moved between the two of you. You are most likely to notice that he has now been swapped with a different man if he is
in the same social group as you.
94
Which of the following situations best describes locked-in syndrome?
After a stroke or other brain trauma, voluntary movement of all or almost all muscles is lost, but autonomic functions remain.
95
A social interaction during which a person responds to suggestions to experience changes in memory, perception, and voluntary action is also called
hypnosis
96
You find your friend sleeping and wake her up, but she denies she was sleeping. Your friend was likely in which stage of sleep?
stage1
97
In the technique known as shadowing, research participants repeat back
words heard in one ear.
98
In one study, a large number of patients were assigned to practice transcendental meditation or to complete an educational program. The transcendental meditation group experienced improvement on a number of health measures relative to the education group. Which of the following criticisms best applies to this study?
The study did not show what aspect of transcendental meditation produced the health benefits.
99
Sean, who is 18 years old, complains that he never dreams. He asks if this could be possible. Based on what you know about dream behavior, you are likely to
disagree with him because we all have dreams unless we have a specific brain injury or are on a certain kind of medication.
100
Owen and colleagues found that when a comatose woman imagined playing tennis, her brain activity was similar to that of a normal individual imagining playing tennis. What does this finding say about the relationship between consciousness and awareness?
Consciousness is not the same thing as awareness.
101
In order to remember your dreams, you decide to have a friend wake you up when you are likely to be dreaming. To maximize the chance of this happening, your friend should wake you up
after 90 minutes
102
According to the sociocognitive theory of hypnosis, people who are hypnotized are
acting out what they believe is expected of them.
103
While driving to a store, your mind wanders, and you are surprised to find that you have arrived. This experience supports the idea that
automatic processes do not require awareness.
104
As you get older, you have fewer (less) ________ during sleep, suggesting that your brain actively has to work to keep you sleeping.
sleep spindles
105
Which of the following is usually NOT an example of consciousness?
daydreaming
106
A mental procedure that focuses attention on an external object or sense of awareness is called
meditation.
107
Which of the following is a major cause of insomnia?
worrying about sleep
108
Which theory of sleep would explain why Jon slept an extra 4 hours after running a marathon?
restorative theory
109
“Brain death” is said to occur when activity stops
everywhere in the brain.
110
Suppose a patient is fully conscious after waking from a coma, but is unable to move any part of her body except for her eyelids. This patient is experiencing
locked-in syndrome.
111
Which of the following is closest to being the opposite of narcolepsy?
REM behavior disorder
112
Your friend has a young child who wakes up during the first hour of sleep and walks around with a glassy-eyed look. The little girl can be walked back to bed and does not remember the episode in the morning. Your friend is very worried that his child may have a severe sleep disorder. Based on your knowledge of sleep, you reply that the child most likely
is sleepwalking, and this condition is typical for her age group.
113
Which of the following is most likely to produce a sense of flow?
a somewhat challenging concrete task
114
While driving to a store, your mind wanders, and you are surprised to find that you have arrived. This experience supports the idea that
automatic processes do not require awareness.
115
According to the dissociation theory of hypnosis, people under hypnosis
experience a trancelike state in which there is separation or dissociation from conscious awareness.
116
The processing of information by sensory systems without conscious awareness is referred to as
subliminal perception.
117
Suppose your friend has been sleep deprived for two straight days. You would expect him to be impaired on
mundane tasks.
118
Which of the following actions requires the most conscious awareness?
following GPS directions
119
John believes that the mind is governed by a different set of structures and rules than the physical body. Based on this belief, one could conclude that John is a
dualist.
120
Owen and colleagues found that when a comatose woman imagined playing tennis, her brain activity was similar to that of a normal individual imagining playing tennis. What does this finding say about the relationship between consciousness and awareness?
Consciousness is not the same thing as awareness.
121
Which of the following is true about subliminal perception?
Subliminal messages have little, if any, effect on behavior.
122
Which of the following is NOT an example of an altered state of consciousness?
distraction
123
After appearing to emerge from a coma, a patient is considered to be experiencing unresponsive wakefulness syndrome if she regains her ability to respond to external stimuli after one
month
124
Which of the following situations best describes locked-in syndrome?
After a stroke or other brain trauma, voluntary movement of all or almost all muscles is lost, but autonomic functions remain.
125
Subliminal perception is best categorized as a type of
information processing occurring outside awareness.
126
Consciousness is necessary for each of the following EXCEPT
automatic processing.
127
Which of the following is true about subliminal perception?
Subliminal messages have little, if any, effect on behavior.
128
Which of the following statements concerning the adaptive nature of sleep is NOT true?
Sleep evolved relatively recently in human history.
