Chapter 8 - Thinking and Language Flashcards
(31 cards)
Restructuring a problem often reveals a new and more successful approach to solving the problem. This fact suggests that a critical step in problem solving is
formulating the problem.
Jack and Kate, a married couple, have demanding jobs and too little time for their relationship. They decide that one of them needs to step down in his or her career, but they cannot agree on who should do it. Their marriage counselor is trying to get them to see that other solutions are possible. In doing this, the counselor is encouraging them to ________ their problem.
restructure
At what age would you expect dyslexia to be diagnosed most frequently?
around age 10, when reading should start to become automatic
The expectation that someone will sell you nails in a hardware store, whereas someone will sell you dresses in a boutique, comes from which of the following properties of schemas?
Situations have consistent attributes.
When a friend asks you to recommend a restaurant, you send her to the place where you ate last Saturday because it comes most quickly to mind. This way of thinking is an example of
the availability heuristic.
When David first moved to Austin, he had to rely on the GPS in his car. Over time, David found that he could navigate the city without using his GPS because he knew information about sections of the city and had a rough idea of its shape. David must have developed a ________ of the city.
mental map
In attempting to teach sign language to nonhuman primates, researchers have confirmed
Chomsky’s view that spoken language, as currently defined, is a uniquely human capacity.
Analogical representations ________ correspond to characteristics of the object that they represent. Symbolic representations ________ correspond to characteristics of the object that they represent.
do; do not
Shannon and Sayid go out for coffee. He holds the door for her, pulls out her chair, and takes the check. He is very confused when she becomes irritable with him for doing these things. You could help him understand Shannon’s reactions by explaining that they probably have conflicting ________ for a man and woman going out.
scripts
Scripts are good because they ________, but can be bad because they ________.
provide a guide to behavior in a given situation; reinforce stereotypical behaviors
Lakshmi has been trying to work out her class schedules for the fall and spring semesters. No matter what she tries, she cannot seem to work in all the classes she needs to take. She suddenly realizes that she could also take some classes during the summer session, and she is able to quickly work out her schedules. Lakshmi solved the problem by using
restructuring.
The system of rules that determines how words are combined into phrases and how phrases are used to make sentences is called
syntax.
Across individuals, language development is characterized by
similar stages but variations in the rate of acquisition.
When Mandy and Joe meet, Joe tells her that he loves math and computers and his favorite hobbies have always involved building things. Mandy concludes that Joe must be an engineering student rather than a liberal arts student, even though there are many more liberal arts than engineering students at their school. Mandy is using the ________ heuristic and ignoring ________.
representativeness; base rates
In New York City, it might be a dress shoe. In Texas, it could be a cowboy boot. In Florida, it might be a sandal. In Montana, it could be a hiking boot. Each of these is a(n) ________ of the shoe category for the culture of that city.
prototype
A critical property of insight is that the solution to the problem
emerges in a single step.
Lucia won the bronze medal in gymnastics. What might you expect her to say to reporters after the ceremony about her feelings?
“I am glad that at least I won a medal. . . .”
If you observed babies in many different cultures just as they were beginning to use language, you would find that
their first words identify objects or are simple action words.
The main difference between the exemplar model and the prototype model is that the prototype model is defined by ________ of the category and the exemplar model is defined by ________ of the category.
the best example; all the examples
Jack and Kate, a married couple, have demanding jobs and too little time for their relationship. They decide that one of them needs to step down in his or her career, but they cannot agree on who should do it. Their marriage counselor is trying to get them to see that other solutions are possible. In doing this, the counselor is encouraging them to ________ their problem.
restructure
Your neighbor is upset because you borrowed his car without asking him. He is distressed because borrowing a car without asking is a violation of our social
schema.
Elna prefers to drive instead of flying because she is afraid that the plane might crash. However, she is not worried about the possibility of a car crash. Elna is falling victim to
the availability heuristic.
A picture of a carrot is an example of a(n) ________ representation; the word carrot is a(n) ________ representation.
analogical; symbolic
A(n) ________ is a(n) ________ of a sequence of events.
script; schema
