Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AQA A-level Environmental Science > Conservation Method 1: Legislation & Protocols > Flashcards

Conservation Method 1: Legislation & Protocols Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main UK law that protects wildlife?

A

The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981?

A
  • a Uk law including a lot of the legislation that protects wildlife in the UK
  • it is the primary legislation in GB for the protection of Flora, Fauna and Countryside
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Summarise what the Wildlife and Countryside act 1981 covers

A
  • designated protected areas e.g. SSSIs and MCZs
    -protection of wild birds and nests
    -protection of mammal species and their habitats
    -uprooting of wild plants- generally illegal
    -Bats
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What bird species are not protected by the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981?

A

some ‘pest’ species and game birds because they can be legally hunted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give 4 examples of mammal species protected by the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981

A

-otters
-hazel dormouse
-Red squirrel
-badgers and their setts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are setts?

A

Tunnels
E.g habitats for badgers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How are bats protected by the Wildlife and Countryside act?

A

-they cannot be disturbed under the act
If woodworm treatment chemicals are used in roofs where bats reside, they must not be toxic to Bats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are 4 things you cant do under the Wildlife and Countryside Act?

A

-undertake agriculture or forestry operations within national parks
-intentionally kill, injure or take any wild birds,eggs or nests
-pick,uproot,trade or possess wild plants
-release non-native species that might be detrimental to native wildlife

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How efficient is legal protection of species?

A
  • the laws can be valuable but they are rarely efficient alone
  • it can be difficult to enforce them efficiently-broken through ignorance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 3 groups that most wildlife protection laws fall under?

A

-legal protection of habitats and species
-trade controls
-organisations that aim to achieve sustainable exploitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the legal designation of protected areas do/help?

A

-protect species and habitats
- restrict activities in and outside of protected areas
-management agreements between land owners and designating organisations
-restrictions on access
-international cooperation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

There are 10 examples of legally protected areas, name 4

A

SSSI, NNR, SAC, SPA, Natura 2000 sites, Ramsar sites, MNR, LNR, MPA, MCZ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does SSSI stand for?

A

Site of Specific Scientific Interest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an SSSI?

A

A formal conservation designation of an area that is of particular interest to science because of rare species or important geological or physical features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Can developments happen in SSSIs?

A

Mostly cant happen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How many SSSIs are in England and how much land do they cover?

A

4’100 sites covering 4’200 square miles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How many SSSIs are in Scotland and Wales and how much land is covered

A

-both have 12% of their land area covered by SSSIs
- Scotland has 3’900 square miles of SSSIs
-Wales has 1’000 SSSIs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Give an example of an SSSI

A

Harpsden and Peveril Woods, Oxfordshire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does NNR stand for?

A

National Nature Reserve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Under what act are National Nature Reserves established?

A

National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are NNRs?

A

Areas managed for the purpose of research and study of Flora,fauna, geological and physical features
They are managed for wildlife but also for people to enjoy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How many NNRs are there in England and what amount of land do they cover?

A

229 covering 363 square miles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Give an example of a NNR

A

Ainsdale Sand Dunes NNR, Merseyside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

SAC

A

Special Area of Conservation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are SACs?

A

Sites that have been adopted by the European Union and are formally designated by the government of each country in whose territory the site lies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What legislation are SACs designated under in England?

A

The Conservation of Habitat and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) in England & Wales with a limited extent into Scotland and NI
The Conservation of Natural Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 in UK offshore territories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Who is the organisation responsible for SACs in the UK and how?

A

-JNCC
They advise the government on aspects of designation and management

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

SPA

A

Special Protected Area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are SPAs?

A

Protected areas for Birds in the UK classified under the same legislation as SACa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the full name of the European birds directive?

A

The European Union Directive of Conservation of Wild Birds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How are SPA sites selected?

A

-to protect 1 or more rare, threatened or vulnerable bird species in Annex 1 of the Birds directive or certain regularly occurring migration species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How many SPAs are there in the UK?

A

252

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Give an example of an SPA in England

A

Broadland SPA in Eastern England

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are Natura 2000 sites?

A

A network of core breeding/nesting sites for and threatened species and some rare natural habitat types that are protected in their own right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Are Natura 2000 sites just found in the UK?

A

No they extend across 27 EU countries both at land and sea

36
Q

How many Natura 2000 sites are there in England alone?

A

320

37
Q

How many Nature 2000 sites are there in Europe?

A

More than 25’000 that cover 18.36% of European Land

38
Q

What are Natura 2000 sites made up of?

A

SACs and SPAs under the Habitat and Birds directive
They also include terrestrial and marine protected areas

39
Q

Give 3 examples of Natura 2000 sites in the UK

A

-Northumberland Coast
-Norfolk Broads
-Salisbury plain

40
Q

What are Ramsar sites?

A

Wetlands of international importance
Covers wetlands containing representative,rare or unique wetland types or their importance conserving biological diversity

41
Q

How many Ramsar sites are in British Overseas Territories?

A

16

42
Q

Give 2 examples of Ramsar Sites

A

Karavasta Lagoon, Albania
Scindarbans Reserved Forest, Bangladesh

43
Q

MNR

A

Marine nature reserve

44
Q

What is an MNR?

A

A conservation designation awarded by a government to a marine reserve of national significance
A type of Marine protected area intended to conserve particular species and habitats or enable their recovery

45
Q

What Act are MNRs designated under?

A

The Wildlife Act 1990

46
Q

How many MNRs are in the UK

A

3

47
Q

Name the 3 MNRs in the UK

A

-Lundy MNR, Lundy Island, Bristol Channel
-Skomer MNR, Pembrokeshire
-Strangford Lough, County Down

48
Q

LNR

A

Local Nature Reserve

49
Q

What is an LNR?

A

A protected area of land designated by a local authority because of its special natural interest and or educational value

50
Q

How many LNRs are in England

A

More than 1400

51
Q

Under what act are LNRs designated?

A

Under section 21 of the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949

52
Q

Give 3 examples of LNRs in the UK

A

Alverstone Mead, Isle of Wight
Borsdane Woods, Wigan
Fishwick Bottoms, Bolton

53
Q

MPA

A

Marine Protected Area

54
Q

What is an MPA?

A

Defined geographical areas of marine environments established and managed to achieve long term nature conservation and sustainable use
A section of ocean where a government has placed limits on human activity

55
Q

What is restricted in MPAs?

A

Places at sea where environmentally damaged activities like certain types of fishing are restricted

56
Q

Give two examples of MPAs

A

Florida Keys
Great Barrier Reef, Australia

57
Q

MCZ

A

Marine Conservation Zone

58
Q

What is a MCZ?

A

An area that protects a range of nationally important,rare or threatened habitats or species

59
Q

Where can MCZs be designated?

A

In Uk territorial and offshore waters

60
Q

How many MCZs are in and around the UK?

A

91

61
Q

CITIES

A

Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species

62
Q

What is CITIES?

A

The main international agreement that regulates international trade in wildlife

63
Q

what are selected species grouped into by CITIES?

A

Appendices

64
Q

What species are included in Appendix I and what does this mean as a result?

A

-species threatened with extinction
-all international trade of these species is banned except for conservation breeding programmes

65
Q

Examples of species that are included in Appendix 1

A

All:
-Great apes
-Big cats
-Rhinos
-Blue Whales

66
Q

What species are in Appendix II and what does this mean for the trade of them?

A

-species that might be threatened with extinction if trade isn’t closely controlled
-trade is permitted from countries where the species is relatively well protected- limited exploitation isn’t a threat

67
Q

Give an example of species included in Appendix II

A

Common Hippopotamus
Green Iguana
Great White Shark
Basking Shark
Venus Fly Trap

68
Q

There are a range of international organisations involved who aim to achieve sustainable exploitation, who do they focus on?

A

Specific wildlife groups that are commercially exploited

69
Q

What are the 3 international organisations you need to know?

A

International whaling commission
Common fisheries policy of the European Union
International Tropical Timber Organisation

70
Q

IWC

A

International whaling commission

71
Q

What was the problem with Whaling that led to the IWC?

A

Depletion of whale species populations because of unregulated whaling
This happened to the point commercial whaling was banned in 1986 until a future period where populations are stable enough to withstand commercial whaling

72
Q

What is the main aim of the IWC?

A

To regulate and manage whaling to ensure sustainable exploitation by conserving whale stocks

73
Q

In what ways do the IWC regulate and manage whaling?

A

-the total protection of certain species
-designation of whale sanctuaries
-setting limits on the number/size of whales that can be taken
-protection of suckling mothers and calves
-carrying out research into whale biology and activities that threaten whales

74
Q

What activities can threaten whales?

A

Ship strikes
Entanglement with fishing nets

75
Q

Is all whaling banned by the IWC?

A

No there are 3 reasons it can happen

76
Q

What are the 3 reasons the IWC allow whaling?

A

-Aboriginal Substinence
-Special permit whaling/scientific whaling
-commercial whaling

77
Q

What is ‘Aboriginal Substinence’ as a reason for whaling?

A

Whaling permitted for cultural groups that have traditionally hunted whales for food
E.g. the Inuit (eskimos) of Alaska & the people of St Vincent and the Grenadines

78
Q

What is Special permit whaling/scientific Whaling?

A

The killing of whales for scientific research

79
Q

Which country tried to use Scientific whaling as a justification for its whaling in 2014?

A

Japan

80
Q

Commercial whaling is one of the reasons the IWC allows, who used this to set their own commercial whaling quotas?

A

Iceland and Norway
In 2014, they killed around 800 fin and Minke sharks

81
Q

EU CFP

A

Common Fisheries Policy of the European Union

82
Q

What is the EU CFP?

A

A series of regulations that control fishing in the territorial waters of the European Union

83
Q

What is the aim of the EU CFP?

A

To ensure fishing and aquaculture are environmentally, economically and socially sustainable and that they provide a source of healthy food for European Citizens

84
Q

What are the typical regulations of the EU CFP?

A

-catch quotas
-size limits
-net mesh size regulations
-limits on fishing efforts
-ban on discarding unwanted fish

85
Q

ITTO

A

International Tropical Timber organisation

86
Q

What is the aim of the ITTO?

A

To encourage the sustainable management of tropical rainforests

87
Q

What did ITTO members agree to in 1990?

A

To strive for an international trade of tropical timber from sustainably managed forests by 2000
However there was little evidence of success by 2000

AQA A-level Environmental Science (45 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions