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ES Paper 2 Living Environment > Conservation of biodiversity > Flashcards

Conservation of biodiversity Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

what do we use wood for?

A

construction like houses and sea defences. Also used for paper and fuel

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2
Q

What are plant fibers used for?

A

like cotton, hemp and flax are all used in textiles

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3
Q

what are animal fibres used for?

A

like wool, silk are sued for textimes and insulation

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4
Q

what are oils used for?

A

vegetable oils are extracted from seeds . They’re used in the food industry and cosmetics industry

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5
Q

what are fuels used for?

A

biofuels are produced through plant materials

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6
Q

what are new foods?

A

new species will be available for commercial cultivation. Yet very few species are exploited for food.

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7
Q

what’s a predator?

A

an animal who preys on others

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8
Q

whats a herbivore?

A

animals which only eat plants

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9
Q

what’s a parasite?

A

lives in or on another organism, benefitting at the expense of the host

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10
Q

what’s a pathogen?

A

a micro-organism that can cause disease

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11
Q

what’s a gene pool?

A

the total number of genes in all the individuals in a population

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12
Q

what’s good about larger gene pools?

A

higher chances of survival. different regions have the same specie with different adaptations to help them survive in conditions

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13
Q

what is biomimetics?

A

the study of living organisms so the knowledge gained can be applied to engineering or technological developments

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14
Q

what’s an example of biomimetics?

A

sharks skin having grooves at right angles to the direction of water which reduces friction. This influences surface grooves on aircrafts to reduce friction in the air

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15
Q

how are new medicines developed?

A

from the chemicals produced by plants and animals

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16
Q

what are poppies good for?

A

painkillers like morpheme and codeine

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17
Q

what’s good about physiological research?

A

animal species may be more useful or practical then humans for physiological research

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18
Q

what are valivov centres?

A

centres of biodiversity. Regions where a high diversity of crop wild relatives can be found

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19
Q

how can changing the population size of one species impact the population size of another species?

A

loss of inter-species relationships
loss of introduced species

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20
Q

how does atmospheric composition benefit the environment?

A

organisms can regulate o2, co2 and water vapour

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21
Q

what’s good about photoautotrophs?

A

they remove CO2 from the atmosphere. This removal of CO2 ensures that the earth doesn’t overheat

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22
Q

what’s transpiration?

A

where water in plants is transferred to water vapour in the atmosphere through leaf pores

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23
Q

what’s interception?

A

when precipitation is stopped and held by vegetation. this delays water reaching the ground and sometimes doesn’t reach the surface and is evaporated back to the atmosphere.

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24
Q

why may infiltration and surface flow be slowed down?

A

if plants are present

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25
what's decomposition?
the break down of organic matter, releasing nutrients which can be absorbed by the plant roots
26
what happens when plants of animals die?
their bodies are broken down by decomposers
27
what's the decaying material?
detritus
28
what is soil?
a mis of rock and DOM. DOM is broken down by invertebrates, bacteria and fungi. adding minerals to the soil
29
why are organisms needed in soil?
to provide DOM, to help break down DOM, and to mix and aerate the soil
30
why's pollination good?
pollination of flowers by plants and insects allows pollen to be travelled over long distances helping the seeds disperse as insects search for flowers
31
what's more successful, insect pollination or wind pollination?
insect pollination
32
how does seed dispersal occur?
seeds are dropped by animals or the seeds may pass through the animals gut and be carried to a suitable habitat in faecal material which acts as a fertiliser
33
how may introduces species affect an ecosystem?
- become predators of native species - out-compete native species - bring new disease with native species won't be immune to
34
how do humans affect biodiversity with the deliberate eradication of species?
species may be killed by humans deliberately if they threaten us or conflict with human activities. foxes threaten livestock
35
how do humans affect biodiversity with accidental deaths?
like dolphins can get caught in tuna nets and killed
36
how do humans change water availability?
drainage or flooding
37
how do humans affect light levels?
forest clearance or eutrophication in rivers
38
how do humans affect oxygen availability?
pollution of water with organic matter
39
how do humans affect nutrient levels?
addition of fertiliser from farmlands
40
how do humans affect pH?
acid mine drainage
41
how do humans affect temperature?
thermal pollution from power stations
42
what happens when a population of a species is fragmented?
it may not reduce the total habitat area by much, but it may produce populations that will each die out because they lack sufficient resources or have small gene pools and may suffer from inbreeding.
43
what are some sources of organic matter?
sewage works, manure, processing plants
44
what happens if organic nutrients are released untreated in deoxygenation?
micro-organisms in the water will feed on them
45
what happens when micro-organisms feed on organic nutrients?
their aerobic digestion will deoxygenate the river or lake and may kill the aerobic organisms such as fish and insects
46
what can bacteria covering the river or lake bed do?
prevent light reaching normal water plants
47
what happens when photosynthesis is reduced due to deoxygenation?
plants die and food-webs are disrupted
48
what's eutrophication?
excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to run-off from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life.
49
how does eutrophication affect nutrient levels?
- nitrogen and phosphate fertilisers are spread on fields to help crops grow and rain causes extreme runoff into water bodies
50
what does runoff in eutrophication lead to?
a large overgrowth of algae with lots of it then dying from being eaten by bacteria that use up lots of oxygen in the process. this leads to fish and plants dying and the destruction of the ecosystem
51
what does acid mine drainage affect?
pH
52
what do metal sulphides do?
oxidise when they're exposed to air which produces sulfur dioxide which dissolves in drainage water to produce sulphorus acid
53
what is a direct affect of acid mine drainage?
harm to living organisms
54
what's an indirect affect of acid mine drainage?
mobilises toxic heavy metals such as illiuminum and lead
55
what can power stations cause?
thermal pollution
56
what can an increased temp do?
cause thermal shock. This is when aquatic life adapted to a certain temp go into shock
57
what happens as temp increases due to power stations?
-the amount of oxygen dissolved in water decreases- giving less for organisms to respire. -increased temp increases the rate of photosynthesis -it also increases metabolic rate of fish, increasing their need for oxygen
58
what are some major causes of habitat destrcution?
-urbanisation -mineral extraction -flooding by resevoirs -expansion of farmland -deforestation
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what does EDGE in EdGE species stand for?
E= Evolutionary D= Distinct G= and Globally E= Endangered species
61
what does evolutionary distinct mean?
they have very few close relatives and are often extremely distinct in the way they look, live and behave as well as their genetic makeup
62
what does globally endangered mean?
they're threatened by extinction, so if they disappear, there will be nothing like them left on the planet
63
what's a flagship species?
a charismatic, popular species which is an icon or symbol for an issue, habitat, campaign or environmental cause. The species may not be the most ecologically important but by conserving the habitat other species may benefit
64
what's an endemic species?
only exists in one geographical region. The Galapogos Islands are home to some of the highest levels of endemism anywhere on the planet.
65
what's a trophic cascade?
occurs when predators in a food web surpress the abundanceor alter the behaviour of their prey, thereby releasing the next lower trophic level from predetation.
66
what's a keystone species?
plays a unique and crucial role in ecosystem functions. Without these species, the ecosystem would be dramatically different or cease to exist together.
67
what's an example of a keystone species?
the wolves in yellowstone national park
68
what's an example of an endemic species?
the galapagos penguin
69
70
whats the ICUN red list?
a list of threatened species and is the worlds most comprehensive status of the global conservation status of plant and animal species
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how does the ICUN red list work out what species are endangered?
through a set of criteria to evaluate extinction risk
73
what's the criteria for the red list?
-reduced population size -reduced geographical range - very small numbers of mature individuals -analysis that shows high probability of extinction in the wild
74
why's the red ist so important?
biological diversity is shown better when looking at a whole ecosystem not just an individual species ecosystem studies also include important abiotic components that are only indirect.
75
What's the Wildlife and Countryside act of 1981?
a UK law that includes much of the legislation that protects wildlife in the uk
76
what's good about an ecosystem-level assessment?
less time consuming than species-by-species assessments.
77
What does the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 cover?
- designated protected areas like SSSIs - protection of wild birds and their nests - protection of mammal species - uprooting of wild plants
78
what does designation of 'protected areas' cover?
- protection of species - protection of habitats - restrictions of activities - management agreements - access restrictions - internal co-operation
79
what does SSSIs stand for?
Sites of Specific Scientific Interest
80
what are SSSIs?
areas of a particular interest because of their plants, animals geographical or geological features
81
what happens to activities on the 'Operations Likely to Cause Damage' in SSSIs?
they're controlled. Owners have a management plan, and may be given grants to achieve their goals
82
what can Natural England do in regards to SSSIs?
can 'compulsory purchase' SSSI land if they think the site will be damaged. But it doesn't guarantee complete protection.

ES Paper 2 Living Environment (2 decks)

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