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JG RICS > Construction Tech > Flashcards

Construction Tech Flashcards

1
Q

When would you use pile foundations?

A

In weak or water baring soil.

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2
Q

When would you use strip foundations?

A

In houses or buildings where the perimeter walls transfer load to the ground.

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3
Q

When would you use pad foundations?

A

For lighter structures such as warehouses. Wide span light weight buildings.

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4
Q

When would you use raft foundations?

A

On soils with good bearing capacity.

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5
Q

Name four different types of foundations.

A

Pad
Raft
Pile
Strip

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6
Q

What types of piles are you aware of?

A 
Pre-Cast
Sheet
Bored
CFA
Contiguous
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7
Q

What are the advantages of steel over concrete frame?

A

Quicker erection
Recyclable
Tensile strength
High strength to weight ratio
Foundations may cost less due to lower dead load
Larger spans
Less wet trades on site than for in-situ, potentially lower prelims

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8
Q

How does rainwater harvesting filter the water?

A

Using ultra violet light

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9
Q

What are the advantages of concrete over steel frame?

A 
Thermal mass
Fire resistance
Acoustic and thermal performance
Cost fluctuates less
Can achieve complex shapes
Compressive strength
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10
Q

What types of façade are you aware of?

A

Stick

Unitised

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11
Q

What are the advantages of a stick system?

A

Stick systems use mullions and transoms (sticks) to hold glazing against the structure. It is more economically friendly for small volume facades.

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12
Q

What are the advantages of a unitised system?

A

High quality due to off-site manufacture

Quick installation due to no glazing being installed on site

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13
Q

What is the build-up of a stick system?

A

Transoms and mullions fixed into floor slabs
Glazing fixed to transoms and mullions
Aluminium cap over glazing to hold it in place

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14
Q

What types of basement construction are there?

A

Traditional (battering, ramped sides to stop it collapsing)
Retaining walls
Top-down

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15
Q

What strategies of basement waterproofing are there?

A

Barrier (tanking)
Structurally integral (additive)
Drained (cavity drained)

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16
Q

How would you reduce the amount of excavated material taken on and off site?

A

By doing a cut and fill exercise

Reuse of materials on site

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17
Q

What types of demolition are there?

A

Top down
Bottom up
Blast

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18
Q

How do you calculate rebar weights?

A

Using the bending schedule

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19
Q

What methods can be used for fixing unitised façade panels?

A

Crane them in
A monorail system
On floor manipulators
Which one is used will depend on site constraints and programme.

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20
Q

Why would you do a cut and fill exercise?

A

To minimise the amount of material needed to be brought to site to make up levels, as this is expensive.

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21
Q

How would you carry out a cut and fill exercise?

A

Mark-up a grid on a drawing
Take the average of the highest and lowest points within that grid
The difference from this to the desired level is the cut/fill amount required

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22
Q

What are the types of ground anchor?

A

Tensioned
Non-tensioned
Pre-fabricated

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23
Q

What are British Standards?

A

Publications issued by the British Standards Institution – prefixed BS
They give recommended min standards for materials, components, design and construction practices

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24
Q

What are international standards?

A

Prepared by the International Organisation for Standardisation – prefixed ISO
Compatible with and complement BS’s

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25
Q

What are the typical components of site investigations?

A 
Anything on adjacent sites that may impact
Boundary hedges / fencing
Existing trees
Size, depth and location of services
Existing buildings
Ground water conditions
Soil investigations – trial pits etc
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26
Q

What is landfill tax?

A

The tax, administered by HM Customs & Excise, applies to all waste disposed of, at a licensed landfill site, unless specifically exempt.
In force since 1996

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27
Q

At what rates is landfill tax charged?

A

Landfill Tax is charged at 2 rates:
£2 per tonne for all inert waste
£38 per tonne for all other taxable waste

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28
Q

What is a tower crane and how do you erect one? What would stop a tower crane from working?

A

A tall crane used for lifting objects into high places. The boom allows a longer reach with 360 access. A longer boom reduces the payload capability.
Use a smaller crane to erect a tower crane
Weather conditions could prevent it from working, in particular high, strong winds.

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29
Q

What is shoring?

A

Form of temporary support given to existing buildings

Purpose is to provide a precaution against damage or injury for collapse of structure

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30
Q

What are hoists?

A

Designed for the vertical transportation of materials or people

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31
Q

What is a borehole?

A

A borehole can be used for soil investigation

Boreholes are the most suitable method of soil investigation when foundations are over 3m deep

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32
Q

What are the problems to the PQS regarding cost control with piling? Whose risk is the piling?

A

The end depth of the piles are never a certainty and the procurement route used determines who takes the risk (traditional/ D&B = the main contractor; management contracts = employer)

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33
Q

What are the different parts of a steel beam?

A

A simple I Beam is made up:
Flange (Top and Bottom of the vertical steel)
Web, which is the vertical steel part of the I
Root, which is where the Flange and the Web join.

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34
Q

What is powder coating?

A

A tough durable factory applied organic coating on metals, such as aluminium or galvanized steel, available in many colours.
E.g. polyester, polyurethane, acrylic, and epoxy which are sprayed on, followed by heat curing to give a film thickness of 50 to 100micorns.
Any holes should be made and any cutting done before the coating is applied.

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35
Q

What is an RHS / SHS?

A 
RHS = Rectangular Hollow Section
SHS = Square Hollow Section
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36
Q

What are the different types of brick bond?

A

Stretcher – most common, walls just a half brick wide

English – alternating courses of headers and stretchers

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37
Q

What is an air brick?

A

A perforated brick to allow for ventilation into a room or an underfloor space. NOT a weep hole.

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38
Q

What are bonded and unbonded types of screed?

A

Bonded Screeds – Laid on to a ready prepared rough, cleaned concrete base
Unbonded Screeds – Laid on to a sound, clean Bitumen damp proof membrane to BS4483

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39
Q

What is a shear force?

A

A perpendicular force

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40
Q

What is torsion?

A

A twisting force

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41
Q

How do you counter torsion?

A

With outriggers

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42
Q

What is the typical build-up of a unitised façade

A 
Back-up wall
Structural build-up / steel frame
Insulation
Waterproofing
Rainscreen
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43
Q

What types of excavation are there?

A

Open and trenched

with or with trench box supports

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44
Q

What are connections in steel?

A

Plates, bolts or welding. Around 12.5% by weight.

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45
Q

What is a composite floor?

A

Consist of profiles steel decking and in-situ reinforced concrete.
Decking acts as permanent formwork for the concrete and provides sufficient shear bond to the concrete that the two materials act in composite together.
Usually used in steel frames.

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46
Q

What are Building Regs?

A

Statutory instrument that sets minimum standard for performance for the design and construction of buildings.

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47
Q

What types of retaining wall are you aware of?

A

Contiguous pile

Concrete reinforceed retaingin wall

48
Q

What types of building envelopes are there?

A

Cavity walls
Cladding
Glazing
brickwork

49
Q

What is the make-up of a stud partition?

A

Base plate and top plate/keels
Vertical and horizontal timber or metal studs
Plasterboard/gyproc board screwed and fixed into partitions
Firestop and smoke seal at the top of the partition

50
Q

What are the advantages of a fan-coil unit?

A

Good control of air movement
Quick installation
High cooling capacity

51
Q

What are the disadvantages of a fan-coil unit?

A

The air filter requires maintenance

The fan can be noisy on a high speed setting

52
Q

What is the difference between a two-pipe and a four-pipe fan-coil unit?

A

A two pipe FCU provides cooling

A four pipe FCU provides heating and cooling

53
Q

What are the types of chilled beam?

A

Active chilled beam

Passive chilled beam

54
Q

What are the advantages of a chilled beam?

A

They can be accommodated in a shallow ceiling void

Passive beams have no moving parts

55
Q

What are the disadvantages of a chilled beam?

A

Their cooling output is limited

They require a separate ventilation system to supply fresh air

56
Q

What types of basement construction are you aware of?

A 
Traditional open (excavate)
Traditional enclosed (retaining wall to perimeter then excavate)
Top down (retaining wall to perimeter, plunge columns, ground floor slab leaving hole for excavation. Faster but more expensive)
57
Q

What is a steel table?

A

They provide standard information on steel sections in tabulated form.
For each serial size and universal beam number.

58
Q

What are temporary works?

A

Works that do not usually appear on construction drawings but are necessary for safe construction i.e. propping

59
Q

What is an AHU?

A

An air handling unit - responsible for drawing air into the building and disposing of exhaust air

60
Q

What are fire dampeners?

A

Effectively blades within a vent

A fire sensor will go off and close the blades in the event of a fire

61
Q

What is Part B of building regulations?

A

The section of building regulations relating to fire safety

62
Q

When was Approved Document B Fire Safety last updated?

A

2010

63
Q

What is an AHU?

A

Air handling unit
Centralised plant in basement or on roof
Controls air intake and distribution into ductwork

64
Q

What is MVHR?

A

Mechanical Ventilation Heat Recovery

65
Q

What are fire dampeners?

A

Vents within ducts that close in event of a fire.

66
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of stick and unitised façade systems?

A

Stick is suited to façades with not much repetition
Unitised is more suited to repetition
Unitised is assembled off-site so less time to install on site and higher quality

67
Q

What are the different types of foundations?

A

Pad
Raft
Strip
Pile

68
Q

How do ground conditions effect choice of types of foundations?

A

Soil type will effect foundation type as this dictates how the building’s load is transferred into the ground
London clay means friction piles are often used

69
Q

What are the advantages of steel and concrete frames?

A 
Steel quick to construct
Steel priced more volatile
Concrete has better fire resistance
Concrete has better thermal mass
In-situ concrete can be used to create complex shapes
Concrete pour can be affected by weather
70
Q

How do you price concrete or steel frames?

A

Concrete
Rebar
Formwork
Finish

Steel
Fittings
Fire protection

sequence / revisits

71
Q

What is post-tensioned concrete?

A

Steel tendons are laid through the slab
Concrete poured
Once the concrete has cured a stressing jack is used to tension the slab
Stronger than RC slab as the concrete is under compression

72
Q

What is pre-tensioned concrete?

A

Steel tendons are laid through the slab
Concrete poured
Before the concrete has cured a stressing jack is used to tension the slab
Stronger than RC slab as the concrete is under compression

73
Q

What are the implications of working on an Over Site Development?

A

High levels of vibration and movement monitoring are required
Site B sits on bearings to reduce vibrations into the theatre

74
Q

What is soft toe piling?

A

It is a way of creating a pile where the end is soft where no load is transferred. There are different methods of achieving this such as using a sack of water.
It used for friction piles above existing LUL assets, to guarantee that no load will be transferred through the toe of the pile and into the structure below.

75
Q

How to fan-coil units work?

A

Contains a heating and or cooling (2 or 4 pipe) heat exchanger ‘coil’ and a fan to draw air across
They are controlled by manual on/off switches or by thermostats
The thermostat controls the throughput of water to the heat exchanger using a control valve and /or the fan speed

76
Q

How does a chilled beam work?

A

HVAC system designed to heat or cool large spaces
It uses pipes of water passed through a beam which is either integrated into the suspended ceiling or is just above it
Active chilled beams use fans to draw air across it
Passive chilled beams rely on convection

77
Q

What is a retaining wall?

A

A structure designed to resist the lateral pressure of soil

Sheet piled and bored piled retaining walls are used on central London sites

78
Q

How was the construction methodology of one of you projects effected by the site constraints?

A

A ‘semi top-down’ approach was selected for basement construction in order to provide a logistics slab for site deliveries and carting away excavated material

79
Q

What is SIPs

A

Structurally Insulated Panel systems - often manufactured off site (Meadowfilds)

80
Q

What are the advantages & disadvantages of Modular construction

A

St Georges School
Quicker on site period
Can be cheaper in some cases
Reduced nr. of trades on site
Can create longer design stage - need to engage early in design & fabrication off site can take time (needs to be factoreed into program)
May need funding upfront and /or advance payments

81
Q

How does planning permission impact on design?

A

Requirements for new roads, renewable energies, community use facilities, sustainability outputs / KPIs, ecological issues, resticts changes, comply with condition.

82
Q

What other legislation impacts on construction?

A

Brexit, covid, planning, fire regulations, building regulations, sustainable product use & renewable energy targets.

83
Q

How does the age of the building affect construction methods?

A

Pre 1999 may contain asbestos.

Listed or timber buildings - may need to match existing & may be hard and expensive to match products

84
Q

What are the RIBA stages?

A 
0 - Stategic definition
1- Prep & briefing
2 - Concept
3 - Spatial co-ord
4 - Technical 
5 - Construction 
6 - Handover
7 - In use
85
Q

Where are these used

A

Design fee drawdowns, project milestones, valuing work, help identify roles & responsibilities in appointments & contracts

86
Q

Can you give me examples of 2 alternative air condition systems?

A

Water heating / cooling system

Earth - air heat exchangers that use ground temperatures

87
Q

What do you understand by the term bus bar?

A

Metal strip or bar for power distribution - often found in panels / switchgear fro local high power distrbution

88
Q

What are the advantages of a steel framed building over a concrete frame?

A

Steel - lighter, quicker, greater spans, lower weight, mass production of repeat items.
Concrete can offer better thermal & acoustic properties and can achieve less uniform shapes.

89
Q

What current challenges is Covid and/or Brexit bringing to Construction Technology?

A

Planning works with unknown certainty of cost of materials, labour & availbility - longer lead in
Flexible quickly
Impacts on labour - slower installation
Impacts on cost of materials & availbility and or able to source materials through delivery issues
Enhaned H&S - social distancing, cleaning, working methods
Enhancement of importance of AI, IT remote working, planning ahead with contingency plans, data use & control

90
Q

Tell me more about the review of design details for the fire requirements at Giles Lane Student accommodation. What issues were you targeting in your review? Why?

A

Reconfigoration of student accomodation and fire compartments. Largely removed externally and internally to ensure compliance. Reviewed with design team to ensure met requirements.
Internal fire compartments, fire breaks in external façade & at openigns where addedd.

91
Q

Give me an example of a fire protection solution for structural steelwork.

A

Boarding, intumescent painting, concrete encasement

92
Q

Give me an example of other foundation solutions that are commonly employed in the construction industry.

A

Piling
Strip
Pads
Raft

93
Q

Take me through the construction process of a strip foundation.

A

Check GI for obstructions, Setting out, excavation of tench (with formwork/tenchbox if required and working space), blinding, reinforcement (if requried), mass fill concrete & tamp, cure, remove forwork etc / concrete samples 7/14/21/28 days or as requried by spec

94
Q

what are the key factors in selectiing cladding

A 
1 - Meets fire requirements
2 - Certified system (not just cladding product but build up also)
3 - Meets plannign requirements
4 - Program impacts - lead in / access
5 - Price
95
Q

Tell me more about the façade design that you refer to in your summary of experience. Explain the factors considered before coming to the final solution and the rationale for the choice made.

A

Gebrick at Barton Court
I looked at an alternative option to tradtional brickwork which involved liasing with design team, planning and building control.
I explored the buildability with the construction team to understand program and how the alternative option could omit some of the scaffold, improve installation time and in turn offer further savings over and above the material cost.
Arranged full mock up samples to demonstrate to planners and client the aesthetic similarities and sought all the technical data info along with report outlining benefits and savings available - in both money and time for client to make a decision.

96
Q

From your experience, what are the key factors to be considered on the selection of suitable cladding? Explain the importance of each factor.

A 
Fire compliance 
Acoustic & thermal compliane
Certification of whole system buildup
Planning requirements
Lead in of materials
Installation methodology / access and time
Price - as every project has a budget
97
Q

When would you recommend the use of prefabricated units such as the pods referred to under your level 2 experience?

A

High repetiton - student accomodation / hotel
High use - durability
Minimal access for maintenance required
Watertight room
Speed on site - 4 hours per pod to fit & connect pre-plumbed pod

98
Q

What is Underpinning

A

suppport to existing struc wall

99
Q

What is Shoring

A

Shoring - lateral support to structurual wall / structure - temporary support

100
Q

What is Slip form / jump form

A

Form work - slip continuous moving. Slip = no joints

101
Q

what is importance of construction tech

A

If don’t understand how something is constructed - cannot measure and value it

102
Q

What is an element

A

functional unit

103
Q

how to identify elements

A

NRM / BCIS

104
Q

Plasterboard types

A

acousitic / moisture / general / fire

105
Q

CAT A fitout

A

Uk only - building to tenant with only primary finish- i.e. they fitout (CAT B - fitout - tenants fittings & customised)

106
Q

Ventilation

A

Natural / Mechanical / stack (warm air rising up)

107
Q

Intumecent paint

A

Active - reactive fire protection - expands

108
Q

What are the disadvantages of steel frame

A

STEEL - COSTLY / CORROSION / ENERGY IN MAN PROCCESS / NOT GOOD INS OF HEAT & SOUND / INSTALL - CRANE & LEAD TIME

109
Q

What are the advantages of concrete frames

A

Adv - Conc frames - thermal & acoustic benefits / cast complex shapes, maintenance low, cashflow slower

110
Q

What is formwork

A

formwork - holding conc in place / mould

111
Q

What is falsework

A

falsework - temp work for supporting formwork / scaffold

112
Q

What updates are you aware of to Fire post Grenfell?

A

21 DEC 2018 - COMBUSTABLE MAT OVER 18M - LOOKING TO RECUDE TO 11M (11M RESI SPRINKLERS) - Buildign regs part B

RICS cladding guidance

PII requirement to have fire cover

113
Q
  1. Warm & Cold roof
A

a. Cold roof – insulation in ceiling

b. Warm – in roof buildup

114
Q
  1. What are the 3 types of building notice (for building control)?
A

a. Full (based on plans – sign off of building in advance)
b. Building notice -simple project
c. Regularization – retrospective

115
Q
  1. What are the implications if GDPR is not complied with?
A

a. 4% t/o upto £17m

JG RICS (10 decks)

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