Construction Technology Flashcards
(49 cards)
What is substructure?
all elements of work that are undertaken below the damp proof course that provides the basis for the superstructure to be constructed upon
What is the external envelope?
materials and components that form the external shell or enclosure of a building
What are the building regulations?
statutory instruments that set out the minimum performance standards for the design and construction of buildings, supported by the approved documents
What are the approved documents?
A - structure
B - fire safety
C - site preparation and damp proofing
D - toxic substances
E - sound proofing
F - ventilation
G - hygiene
H - drainage and waste disposal
I - not in use
J - heating appliances
K - protection from falling, collision and impact
L - conservation of fuel and power
M - disable access and facilities
N - glazing
O - not in use
P - electrical safety
What are British standards?
they give recommended minimum standards for materials, components, design and construction practices, issued by the British standards institution
What are international standards?
they are compatible with and complement the British standards and issued by the International Organisation for standardisation
What is superstructure?
- all internal and external works items above the damp proof course
- e.g. external walls, stairs, roof, structural walls, suspended ceilings, raised floors
What are the typical components of site investigations?
- their objective is to collect and record data to help with the design and construction process and seeks to uncover matters that may impact the development of the site
- e.g. boundary hedges and fencing, existing trees, existing buildings, ground water conditions, soil investigations
What is the purpose of soil investigations?
- determine the suitability of the site for the proposed works and determine adequate and economic foundation design
- determine potential difficulties associated with the ground conditions
What are the main site considerations?
- access
- storage
- accomodation
- temporary services
- plant
- fencing and hoarding
- health and safety risk
What is a retained facade?
- the facade of a building is retained whilst everything behind the front wall is demolished
What are temporary works?
- they don’t normally appear on construction drawings but may be required depending on the construction methodology used
- may also be required as a result of health and safety requirements to ensure a safe method of construction e.g. temporary propping
What is a scaffold?
- temporary working platform erected around the perimeter of a building or structure to provide a safe working place at a convenient height
- usually required for work 1.5m above ground level
What is a tower crane?
tall crane used for lifting objects into high places
What is shoring?
form of temporary support given to existing buildings, its purpose is to provide a precaution against damage or injury due to collapse of the structure
What are the main components of concrete?
- cement
- aggregate
- water
What is a borehole?
- boreholes can be used for soil investigations or for geothermal heating solutions
- most suitable method of soil investigations when foundations are over 3m deep
What are piles?
- series of columns constructed or inserted into the ground to transmit the load of a structure to a lower level of subsoil
- they are used where no suitable foundations conditions are present near ground level or if there is a high water table
What are different types of piles?
- sheet piles
- secant piles
- bored piles
- pre-cast piles
What are the different ways that the piles transfer their load to the surrounding ground?
end bearing piles - transfer load through low bearing capacity soil to a strong stratum such as rock or very dense sand
friction piles - bear on frictional resistance between their outer surface and the soil in contact
settlement reducing piles - usually incorporated beneath the central part of a raft foundation in order to reduce differential settlement to an acceptable level
tension piles - resist uplifting forces that might otherwise cause the structure to be extracted from the ground due to uplifting forces
What is a raft foundation?
raft foundations spread the load of the superstructure over a large base and reduce the load per m2 of the area
Under what conditions would you expect a raft foundation to be used for a substructure?
- a raft can be used for lightly loaded buildings on sites with poor soils
- heavy loads to the raft have the potential to cause the raft to move sideways as a result of raft foundations not being very deep
What is a strip foundation?
strip foundations are formed by creating a shallow continuous excavation to support the perimeter and internal walls
What are pad foundations?
pad foundations provide a base for reinforced concrete or steel columns
