Contact Bacteria

Question 1

CA - trachoma

Answer 1

Chlamydia trachomatis (strain)
- gram negative, coccobacillus; obligate intracellular parasite

Non STD

Question 2

VF - trachoma

Answer 2

(Complex “life cycle” of C. Trachomatis)
Consists of 2 morphological distinct forms:
- elementary bodies
- reticulate bodies

Question 3

Reticulate bodies - VF - trachoma

Answer 3

• Non-infectious form
• intracellular
• replicate

Question 4

Elementary bodies - VF - trachoma

Answer 4

• infectious form
• invade epithelial cell

Question 5

Reservoir - trachoma

Answer 5

Human

Question 6

Transmission - trachoma

Answer 6

Direct - hand-to-eye contact with eye discharge
Indirect - sharing objects, towels
Arthropod - sandflies carrying eye discharge

Question 7

Sxs - trachoma

Answer 7

Inflammation of upper eyelid (conjunctivitis) —> scarring/contraction of conjunctiva —> eyelashes turn inward —> eyelashes scratch cornea —> corneal cloudiness —> permanent blindness

Question 8

Diagnosis - trachoma

Answer 8

Usually clinical/sxs ; vision changes

Question 9

Pre-disposing factors - trachoma

Answer 9

Unsanitary conditions, over crowding, children

Question 10

Prevention - trachoma

Answer 10

Washing hands, vector control of sand flies
- no vaccines

Question 11

Treatments - trachoma

Answer 11

Antibiotics & surgery

Question 12

Misc - trachoma

Answer 12

• Portal of entry - mucousa membranes (conjunctiva)
• Leading preventable cause of blindness worldwide
• most cases occurs in Africa

Question 13

CA - gonorrhea

Answer 13

Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- gram negative bacterium, diplococcus “coffee bean”
An STD

Question 14

VF - gonorrhea

Answer 14

Capsule, fimbriae, opa proteins in cell wall: binds to T cell receptors —> inhibit immune response
(Used for attachment)

Question 15

Reservoir - gonorrhea

Answer 15

Human

Question 16

Transmission - gonorrhea

Answer 16

Spread by sexual contact

Question 17

Sxs - gonorrhea

Answer 17

• Urethritis = Gonococcal Urethritis (painful when you pee)
  Men - symptomatic - painful urination and yellow discharge; epididymitis (where sperm is stored)
  Women - asymptomatic - fewer sxs; pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) (ovaries & falopian tubes)

Question 18

If left untreated what happens? - gonorrhea

Answer 18

May become systemic if left untreated: endocarditis, meningitis, arthritis

Question 19

Ophthalmia Neonatorum (neonatal conjunctivitis) - gonorrhea

Answer 19

Infant blindness due to a gonorrhea or genital chlamydial infections of the eyes during vaginal birth

Question 20

Diagnosis - gonorrhea

Answer 20

Urine test or oral/urethral/rectal swab
- PCR - isolate & amplify DNA
- culture - look for gonococci on slide prep

Question 21

Prevention - gonorrhea

Answer 21

Education & safe sex practices

Question 22

Treatment - gonorrhea

Answer 22

Antibiotics
- injection
- oral medication

Question 23

Misc - gonorrhea

Answer 23

-highest rates of infection - teenagers & young adults
- con infection with genital chlamydia !!

Question 24

CA - genital chlamydia

Answer 24

AKA chlamydia
Chlamydia trachomatis
- gram negative, coccobacillus, obligate intracellular parasite

Question 25

VF - genital chlamydia

Answer 25

Consists of 2 morphological distinct forms (complex lifecycles) - elementary bodies - reticulate bodies

Question 26

Reservoir - genital chlamydia

Answer 26

Human

Question 27

Transmission - genital chlamydia

Answer 27

Spread by sexual contact through epithelial mucosa

Question 28

Sxs - genital chlamydia

Answer 28

Urethritis - non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) - men - symptomatic - painful urination & clear/watery discharge - women - mostly asymptomatic; pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Question 29

Diagnosis - genital chlamydia

Answer 29

NAATs (nucleic acid amplification tests) - most sensitive tests available - PCR is a type of NAAT - performed on vaginal/urethral swabs or urine

Question 30

Prevention - genital chlamydia

Answer 30

Education & safe sex practice

Question 31

Treatment - genital chlamydia

Answer 31

Antibiotics

Question 32

May also cause… - genital chlamydia

Answer 32

ophthalmia Neonatorum

Question 33

Coinfection w what other disease? - genital chlamydia

Answer 33

Gonorrhea

Question 34

What is the most common bacterial STD in US?

Answer 34

Genital chlamydia

Question 35

CA - syphilis

Answer 35

Treponema pallidum - gram negative, spirochete, motile

Question 36

VF - syphilis

Answer 36

- lipid outer layer —> weak immune response (Immune system less likely to respond to treponema)

Question 37

Reservoir - syphilis

Answer 37

Human

Question 38

Transmission - syphilis

Answer 38

Spread by sexual contact

Question 39

Sxs - syphilis

Answer 39

Multiple disease stages 1. Primary phase - chancre at site of infection - develops 3 weeks after exposure - highly infectious - disappears after 2 weeks 2. Secondary phase - skin & mucosal rashes on soles and palms - can lead to latent period 3. Tertiary phase - appears decades after latency - formation of gummas (soft, tumor like lesions) on organs: bone, brain, heart & skin - arthritis - cardiovascular damage —> cardiovascular syphilis - neurological damage, dementia —> neurosyphilis

Question 40

Diagnosis - syphilis

Answer 40

Serology 1. Direct diagnosis - looking for T. Pallidum 2. Indirect diagnosis - looking for antibodies (IgM)

Question 41

Prevention - syphilis

Answer 41

Education & safe sex practices

Question 42

Treatment - syphilis

Answer 42

Antibiotics (only effective in early stages)

Question 43

Misc - syphilis

Answer 43

Congenital syphilis - development damage to fetus & stillbirths