contemporary urban environmens Flashcards
rio de janeiro (43 cards)
1
Q
Rio location
A
Brazil’s Atlantic Coast
2
Q
Importance of Rio
A
Major financial, industrial, regional, national and international centre for companies and industries.
Host to the 2016 Olympics and the 2014 World Cup
3
Q
Causes of Rio’s growth
A
- settled by Portugese
- migrants from other countries in South America, South Korea and Chinese entrepeneurs settled
- developed as a major port to fight invaders
- coffee boom after 1769 bought great wealth to the city
4
Q
Rio’s North Zone
A
- main industrial and port area
- holds the Tijuca National Park, Rio’s International Airport and Maracana Soccer Stadium
- area of low quality housing
5
Q
Rio’s South Zone
A
- very wealthy area overlooked by Rocinha (the largest favela in South America)
- holds Copacabana beach, Ipanema beach and tourist hotels
6
Q
Rio’s West Zone
A
- holds Barra de Tijuca, an area that has been changed from a poor area to a wealthy area with recreational facilities, the industrial are of Campo Grande and the Olympic stadium of 2016
7
Q
Rio Centro
A
- oldest part of Rio
- CBD, main shopping area and financial headquarters of oil/mining companies are located
8
Q
Infant mortality rate in Rio
A
19 per 1000
9
Q
% of pregnant females getting medical care in Rio
A
74%
10
Q
Average life expectancy in Rio
A
63 years of age
11
Q
Zone of the Cidada de Deus district
A
West Zone
12
Q
Infant mortality rate in Cidada de Deus
A
21 per 1000
13
Q
% of pregnant females getting medical care in Cidada de Deus
A
60%
14
Q
Average life expectancy in Cidada de Deus
A
45 years of age
15
Q
Zone of the Barra de Tijuca district
A
South
16
Q
Infant mortality rate in Barra de Tijuca
A
6 per 1000
17
Q
% of pregnant females getting medical care in Barra de Tijuca
A
100%
18
Q
Average life expectancy in Barra de Tijuca
A
80 years of age
19
Q
Healthcare solutions
A
Santa Marta favela is 13km from the nearest hosital, so medical staff took health kits into peoples homes to diagnose and treat diseases. This increased the life expectancy and decreased the infant mortality rate.
20
Q
Challenges of access to education
A
- shortage of local schools and school staff, low pay for teachers, poor teacher training and lack of money and employment
21
Q
Solutions of access to education
A
- art centres for young people in Mare and a private university in Rocinha have been opened
- local volunteering is being encouraged
- poor families are being granted some money to keep their children in school
22
Q
Challenges of access to water supply
A
- 37% of water had been lost through leaky pipes and fraud
- 12% of people remained in water insecurity
23
Q
Solutions of access to water supply
A
- 7 treatment plants were built before 2014
- over 300km of pipes were laid, and water supply to the Olympic Park in the West Zone was improved.
- the Favela de Bairo project improved water pipes
24
Q
Challenges due to crime
A
- robbery and violent crime was major
- strongest gang in Rio, Red Command gang, was getting stronger
- incidents of drug trafficking in Complexo do Alemao
25
Solutions to crime
- pacification in 2008 restored some territories run by gangs such as Santa Maria, but not all
- experienced locals could become police officers to reduce crime rates
- police have taken control of complexo de alemao and 30 smaller favelas
- pacifying police unit (PPU) patrol the favelas
26
Challenges of unemployment
- recession in 2015 decreased employment
- over 20% of people in favelas are unemployed, and most people work in the informal economy to earn under £60 a month
- Complexo de Alemao (North) has an estimated 37% unemployment while Barra de Tijuca (South) has only 2%
27
Solutions to unemployment
- free childcare has been made available for teenage parents to enable them to finish their education
- schooling in Rocinha has improved the 'Schools of Tomorrow' programme is aimed to improve education in favelas
28
Challenges of waste disposal
- access is difficult for waste collection lorries due to poor roads and infrastructure
- then waste pollutes the water system, creating a breeding ground for bacteria and rats to cause cholera
29
Solutions to waste disposal
- power plant for biofuel has been built, consuming 30 tonnes of rubbish a day and produces electricity for 1000 homes
30
Challenges of water pollution
- no proper recycling facilities of waste and fuel, so Guanabara Bay is highly polluted
- 200 tonnes of sewage disposed there, which endangers animals
- as a result,commerical fishing has declined by 40%
31
Solutions to water pollution
- overseas aid has helped to reduce sewage disposal at Gunabara Bay
- 12 new sewage works and 5km of new sewage pipes have been installed
- ships are now being monitored for illegal waste disposal into the bay
32
Challenges of traffic congestion
- mountains = steep so roads are only on coastal lowland, causing congested traffic
- car use has also increased by 40%
33
Solutions to traffic congestion
Rio-Niteroi bridge crosses Guanabara Bay and connects Rio de Janeiro and Niteroi
- development of a public bicycle sharing system 'Bike Rio 2011' has been set up to encourage public transport
- metro system has also been expanded
34
Challenges of construction in squatter settlements
- houses are poorly and illegally built from scraps
- shanty towns are built on steep positions, vulnerable to natural hazards because they have no choice
35
Challenges of services in squatter settlements
- 12% homes in favelas have no running water
- 30% have no electricity
- 50% have no sewage connections
- sewers are open, and often people resort to illegal connections to electricity pylons and tapping into a city water main for drinking water
36
Challenges of employment in squatter settlements
- unemployment is up to 20%
- jobs have low wages and tend to be in the informal sector
37
Infant mortality rate in squatter settlements
up to 50 per 1000
38
Improvements to Rocinha
- new and better amenities and recreational facilities
- 90% houses built with brick, have electricity, water and sewage connections
39
Favela Bairro Project
- site and service scheme
- where land (site) and services are provided by local authority for residents to build homes
40
Successes of Favela Bairro Project in Complexo de Alemao
- improved infrastructure (paved roads, improved sanitation) due to better access to water supply and better drainage system
- hillsides have better protection against landslides and have a new cable car system
- new recreational facilities
- Pacification reduced crime rates
41
Problems with the Favela Bairro Project
- literacy and unemployment rates are still low = more training required
- US $1billion budget does not cover all favelas
- infrastructure is not being maintained well and residents lack the skills and resources to repair it
- rents have become higher
42
Damage of Olympics on favelas
- some were removed for the construction of Olympic Games
- 1000 people lost their homes
- moved to 800 new houses in Campo Grande
- Campo Granded lacks a sense of community and recreational activities
43
