Contemporary Urban Environments - Urbanisation

Question 1

Define urban resurgence

Answer 1

Refers to the regeneration, both economic and structural, of an urban area which has experienced a period of decline.

Question 2

Define deindustrialisation

Answer 2

Refers to the loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector, which occurred in the UK in the 2nd half of the 20th century.

Question 3

Define decentralisation

Answer 3

The movement of population and industry from the urban centre to outlying areas.

Question 4

What are the urbanisation case studies?

Answer 4

London and Mumbai.

Question 5

What is the counterurbanisation case study?

Answer 5

Felsted.

Question 6

What is the suburbanisation case study?

Answer 6

Richmond-upon-Thames.

Question 7

What are the urban policies since 1979 case studies?

Answer 7

Canning Town, Battersea Power Station, Docklands.

Question 8

What are the decentralisation case studies?

Answer 8

Bluewater (retail), Exeter (services).

Question 9

What percentage of the global population will be urban by 2050?

Answer 9

66%.

Question 10

What is a megacity?

Answer 10

A city or urban area with a population of more than 10 million people.

Question 11

What is a metacity?

Answer 11

A conurbation with more than 20 million people.

Question 12

What are the causes of urban growth?

Answer 12

Natural population growth
Rural-urban migration

Question 13

What are the consequence of urbanisation and urban growth?

Answer 13

• Urban sprawl
• Shortage of housing in LICs
• Shortage of affordable housing in HICs
• Lack of urban services and waste disposal
• Unemployment
• Transport issues

Question 14

Define urban sprawl

Answer 14

The spread of an urban area into the surrounding countryside

Question 15

What are the negative impacts of urban sprawl?

Answer 15

More roads and infrastructure required
Wildlife habitat loss
Increased commuting
Increased air pollution

Question 16

What are the characteristics of suburbanisation?

Answer 16

• Located in fringe areas near main roads (ribbon development)
• Demographic since the 70s includes wealthier individuals/communities and development encouraged the preservation of green belt

Question 17

What are the causes of suburbanisation?

Answer 17

• Growth of public transport
• Increase use of the private car
• Railway lines
• Arterial roads

Question 18

What are the effects of suburbanisation?

Answer 18

• Creation of green belts
• Rural urban fringe
• Increasing social segregation
• More public open space
• Favoured located for decentralised businesses
• Sought after property market
• Diversion of funding from inner city areas

Question 19

What are the characteristics of counterurbanisation?

Answer 19

• Typical features of rural landscape
• Demographic is mainly elderly people and wealthy people who want a second home
• Caused by push and pull factors and improvements in broadband

Question 20

What are the causes of counterurbanisation?

Answer 20

• People want to move away from the air pollution, dirt and crime of the urban environment.
• Greater affluence
• Improvements in technology
• Rise in demand for second homes and earlier retirement

Question 21

What are the effects of counterurbanisation?

Answer 21

• Increased value of house prices
• Farmers can gain a profit by selling land
• Increased tensions between newcomers and locals
• Reduction in services despite newcomers and locals and influx of people

Question 22

What are the characteristics of urban resurgence?

Answer 22

The regeneration of an urban area which has been through the period of decline
Cities have been revived by developing strong financial, business and consumer service industries

Question 23

What are the causes of urban resurgence?

Answer 23

Decline in manufacturing industries

Question 24

What are the effects of urban resurgence?

Answer 24

• Positive multiplier effect
• Greater investment in the area
• Some people are forced out of their area

Question 25

What is an urban policy?

Answer 25

An urban policy relates to the strategy chosen by local or central government to manage the development of urban areas and reduce urban problems

Question 26

What were some economic impacts of deindustrialisation?

Answer 26

Loss of jobs and personal disposable income Loss of tax income to the local authority and decline in service Increase in demand for state benefits

Question 27

What were some social impacts of deindustrialisation?

Answer 27

Increase in unemployment Higher levels of deprivation Higher levels of crime, family breakdown, alcohol and drug abuse and other social problems

Question 28

What are some environmental impacts of deindustrialisation?

Answer 28

Derelict land and buildings Deteriorating infrastructure Reduction in noise, land and water pollution and reduced congestion

Question 29

Define urbanisation

Answer 29

An increase in the proportion of a country's population that lives in towns and cities, mainly caused by natural population growth and rural-urban migration.

Question 30

Define urban growth

Answer 30

An increase in the number of urban dwellers

Question 31

Define counter-urbanisation

Answer 31

The movement of people from large urban areas into smaller urban areas or into rural areas, leapfrogging the general urban fringe.

Question 32

Define suburbanisation

Answer 32

The movement of people from living in the inner parts of a city to living on the outer edges. It has been facilitated by the development of transport networks and the increase in ownership of private cars.

Question 33

What is urbanisation?

Answer 33

Urbanisation is the increasing proportion of people living in towns and cities. Due to natural increase and rural-urban migration.

Question 34

What is the pattern of urbanisation in the 21st century?

Answer 34

There has been rapid urbanisation in LIC and NEE countries, specifically in Africa and Asia however urbanisation rates in HIC countries has slowed down, especially in North America and Europe.

Question 35

Recall four processes of urbanisation

Answer 35

1) Suburbanisation 2) Reurbanisation 3) Counterurbanisation 4) Urbanisation

Question 36

What is a megacity?

Answer 36

A city that has a population greater than 10 million people.

Question 37

What is a world city?

Answer 37

A city that has a global influence on a global scale.

Question 38

How does urban growth influence economic processes?

Answer 38

Urban growth causes a greate level of income into a city. This influences economic processes as it increases flows of capital and people, as people follow the money. Rise of the tertiary and quaternary sector.

Question 39

How does urban growth influence social processes?

Answer 39

Urban growth means there is a greater number of people living in the urban area as well as commuting to there for work. This influences social processes as more people work and live in areas undergoing urban growth. Urban sprawl, shortage of housing, unemployment

Question 40

How does urban growth influence technological processes?

Answer 40

Outsourcing, mechanisation, TNCs

Question 41

How does urban growth influence political processes?

Answer 41

Voting power, influence

Question 42

How does urban growth influence demographic processes?

Answer 42

People are more likely to migrate to developed or developing urban areas, this increases diversity in urban areas. Four processes of urbanisation.

Question 43

Recall three urban changes since 1970

Answer 43

1) Deindustrialisation 2) Decentralisation 3) Rise of the service economy

Question 44

What are urban policies?

Answer 44

Governmental policies that aim to improve an area, making it more popular area to work and live. To manage the development of urban areas and reduce urban problems.

Question 45

Recall examples of urban policies

Answer 45

1) Docklands Regeneration 2) Canning Town 3) Battersea Power Station Regeneration