Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Human geography > Contemporary urban envrionments > Flashcards

Contemporary urban envrionments Flashcards

(78 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is urbanisation

A

increase in proportion of people living in urban environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why might an urban area be important

A

political power
social and cultural centres
economic production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3 main causes of urbanisation

A

natural increase
rural - urban migration
industrialisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is a pull factor

A

reason for someone to be attracted to a place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is a push factor

A

reason for someone to leave a place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

key mega city trends

A

more common in LIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is a world city

A

a city that has political power and financial influence over the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

factors helping define a world city

A

tourism
transport
development
uni
trade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

factors of a world city

A

support prosperity and create jobs
declining population
middle class suburbs
economic growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what makes world cities so productive

A

high levels of education leading to smarter population
advanced transport makes it easier for people to commute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a satellite city

A

city on the outside of another e.g leeds bradford

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is deindustrialisation

A

reduction in the use of factories and primary industries and movement towards use of technology and tertiary industries decline in manufacturing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is decentralisation

A

process of redistributing peoples functions or power away from the city center to the edge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is urban resurgence

A

process whereby previously declining or neglected urban areas experienced renewed growth and development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

characteristics of a suburban area

A
  • commuter settlement
  • edge of large urban areas
  • housing
  • greener than city center
  • good transport links to urban areas
  • quieter
  • suburbs poorly connected to eachother
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

effects of suburbanisation

A
  • intro to green belts
  • segregation of class and culture
  • inner city areas decline
  • traffic congestion
  • loss of green space due to building of houses (greenfield land lost)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Effects of counter urbanisation

A
  • decline in city
  • loss of services
  • new firms
  • loss of greenfield land
  • social conflict
  • congestion
  • ## increase in house prices
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how to improve a city

A
  • old factories to buildings
  • new shopping centres
  • reduce cars
  • pedestrianise streets
  • reduce crime
  • host events
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the multiplier effect

A

as more people are attracted back to a city it will lead to further improvements and bring economic investment back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is gentrification

A

refers to change in neighbourhood compensation low income groups are displaced by wealthy individuals improving and regenerating an area causing a rise in house prices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is a pre industrial city

A

city that’s unaffected by industrial development and retained urban layout and characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is a modern city

A

similar activities and people grouped together leading to areas being dominated by social groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is a post industrial city

A

more loose structure with many smaller zones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is urban form

A

physical characteristics making up a city including size shoe and population density and how the city is arranged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
mega city characteristics
urban sprawl high population density environment issues car dominated residential differentiation
26
what is urban morphology
refers to the spacial structure and organisation of an urban area
27
what is the doughnut effect
business and houses and services are all dotted around a city rather than just in the center
28
what is a fortress city
landscape design around security protection servalence and exclusion
29
what is an edge city
caused by urban sprawl, settlements in the edge of large urban areas e.g LA
30
properties of an edge city
- developed close to major roads - close to airports - near lots of services - residents of edge cities will rarely go into city center - poor infrastructure but will have essentials
31
what are cultural quarters
attracts culture to a place
32
what’s a mix used development
blends residential commercial and cultural industry education interconnected physically and functionally
33
what is economic inequality
wealth gaps between people who have and people who don’t have in society
34
factors affecting life ex
- access to healthcare - wealth - living conditions - sanitation - employment - crime - health - education - hiding services
35
what does IMD stand for
Index Multiple Deprivation
36
definition of poverty
defined as 60% of median household income after housing costs (AHC) after housing costs
37
causes of poverty
- lack of jobs - cost of living - inflation - rising house prices - aging population - lack of education - poor living conditions - lack of infrastructure - stress on services
38
what is the median household income
£30,000
39
what’s the poverty line (60% of average household income)
£18,000
40
what are multicultural societies
characterised by people of different races ethnicity and nationalities living together in same communities
41
why might people self segregate (internal factors)
- similar people - similar mindset - family - protection against racial abuse
42
external factions to self segregation
- discrimination - hostile environment - money - cheap labour easy jobs
43
what is the urban heat island effect (UHI)
urban area that’s a lot warmer than rural areas surrounding it
44
what is urban microclimate
human activity chemically and physically altering air and weather characteristics over and around urban areas making it different from air and weather in rural areas
45
what is microclimate
climate within a small areas that differs significantly from the climate of the surrounding area
46
why is the urban heat island effect concerning
- produces lightening storms - climate change - bad for ecosystems - excessive heat - access to clean water is hard in LIC
47
effects of urban heat island effect
- risk of dehydration - heat rash and stroke - air con is bad for environment - discomfort - strain on water supply - low wind speed means hard for hot air to escape
48
strategies to mitigate UHI
- cool surfaces - green roofs - urban greening - colour of materials
49
what is the albedo effect
- colour and reflectivity with a scale of 0-1 0 = not reflevtive 1 = reflective
50
what is brise solie
method used on buildings to stop the reflectivity
51
what the climate like in urban areas
- intensified rain - warmer - exposed to smog and flash flood - higher temp
52
what is urban hydrology
- precipitation can fall in greater amounts and intensity in urban areas
53
causes of urban flooding
- impermeable surfaces - clearance of vegetation - drainage systems reduce risk of flash floods but increase river discharge
54
issues with urban river catchment management
- sediment - salts - pesticides - viruses - oils
55
what is a storm hydrograph
Used to measure rivers flow and show changes in discharge over short period of time after a storm
56
what is river discharge
volume of water flowing through a river total volume flowing through channel at any given point and measured in cubic meters per second
57
factors affecting hydrographs
- total rainfall - intensity of rainfall - wetness of ground already - rock type - ground cover - slope angle
58
59
what does municipal solid waste mean
amounts of waste is high due to the high population
60
why does waste need monitoring
- recycling - lots of resources - contaminated water - air pollution - risk to human health
61
what is a leachate
contaminated liquid that is generated from water percolating through a solid waste disposal site, accumulating toxic substances
62
pros of landfill systems
good use of abandoned quarries easy to manage methane can be vented and used as fuel cost effective
63
cons of landfill systems
flies and scavenging animals wind can blow material causing litter organic waste buried can cause anaerobic decay leachates methane smell
64
pros of incineration
produces energy steam and ash can be used as resources long life span cost effective safer
65
cons of incineration
chimney emmisions greenhouse gasses not all msw is combustible emmisions need managing
66
pros of recycling
resource recovery organic waste can be composted and sold to enrich gardens soil wheelie bin collection is safe different bins help separate and segregate materials more recycling = less landfill
67
cons of recycling
public collection points generate litter tips are expensive human error with segregating materials public resistance if separately charged
68
why does waste need managing
to re use materials (recycling) loss of resources can cause water contamination air pollution risk to health
69
what are leachates
contaminated liquid that is generated from water percolating through waste disposal
70
what is msw municipal solid waste
rubbish in urban areas
71
pros of landfill
- good use of abandoned quarries - easy to manage - methane can be vented and used as fuel - cost effective and safe if managed correctly
72
cons of landfill
- attracts vermin flies and birds - wind can blow material and cause litter - anaerobic decay - methane production - heavy dirty lorry traffic
73
pros of incineration
- produces energy from burning waste - heat steam and ash can be used as valuable resources - long life span - cost effective once set up and used correctly
74
cons of incineration
- certain emissions require special management - chimney emissions can be harmful to environment - carob dioxide emissions are greenhouse gasses - not all waste is combustible
75
pros of recycling
- collection is safe and sanitary - organic waste can be composted and sold to enrich garden soil - resource recovery - more recycling means less landfill - can help niche markets
76
cons of recycling
- public collection points can cause litter - electrical battery’s such as computers can contain toxic batteries - expensive to set up
77
78
what is recyclable materials

Human geography (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions