Content Area 2 Flashcards
(36 cards)
White Temple and its ziggurat. Uruk (modern Warka, Iraq). Sumerian. c. 3500-3000 BCE. Mud brick.
Form:
- mud brick
-collosal scale
-built to resemble mountain
Content:
- sloping walls, bent access (ramp up to enter the altar), 3 entrances
-mosaic surface
Function:
- temple that is a meeting place for humans and gods in the center of the city
-votive figures and dedicated to Anu the sky god
-top temple was only for royals or clergy to enter
Context:
- Uruk; Modern day Warka, Iraq
-Sumerian
- 3500-3000 BCE
Palette of King Narmer. Predynastic Egypt. c. 3000-2920 BCE. Greywacke.
Form: -greywacke -organized in registers -hierarchic scale -low relief, twisted perspective Content: -Front: Narmer (on large scale) looking on the beheaded bodies of his enemies wearing crown of lower Egypt, harnessed lionesses (symbol of unification), bull knowcking down a city fortress (Narmer knocking over enemies) -Back: Hawk=Horus, Narmer wearing bowling pin crown (symbol of unification), stands barefoot (he is a divine king), palette for eye makeup, hieroglyphics Function: -represents the unification of Egypt and country's growth as a powerful nation Context: -found in temple of Horus -Old Kingdom of Egypt -3000 BCE
Statues of votive figures, from the Square Temple at Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar, Iraq). Sumerian. c. 2700 BCE. Gypsum inlaid with shell and limestone.
Form: - bilateral symmetry - eyes exaggeration (beholding the divine) -gypsum and black limestone Content: -the hands are placed in prayful gesture - elite male and female figures Function: -placed in ziggurat to resemble the people that aren't allowed to be in the ziggurats Context; - found in the Square Temple of Eshunna (modern day Tell Asmur, Iraq) -2700 BCE
Seated scribe. Saqqara, Egypt. Old Kingdom, Fourth Dynasty. c. 2620-2500 BCE. Painted limestone.
Form: -painted limestone -crystal limestone eyes Content: -royal scribe -depicted with sagging body (realistic not ideal), thin face -holding tools to show he is ready to write Function: -shows that the scribe is important but not perfect like a pharoah -made for tomb at Saqqara for the ka Context: -Saqqara, Egypt 2500 BCE -found near tomb (funerary object)
Standard of Ur from the Royal Tombs at Ur (modern Tell el-Muqayyar, Iraq). Sumerian. c. 2600-2400 BCE. Wood inlaid with shell, lapis lazuli, and red limestone.
Form:
- wood inlaid with shell, lapis lazuli, and black limestone
-mosaic
-hierarchic scale to show who was more important in society
-front shoulds, body in profile
Content:
-2 sides: war side and peace side
-war side: shows Sumerian king on larger scale descending from his chariot to inspect captives, lower register shows him riding over dead bodies in his chariot
-peace side: food brought to a banquet, ruler wears a kilt of wool (larger scale)
Function:
- shows the different classes of people
-democratic leadership
Context:
- found in the Royal Tombs at Ur (modern day Iraq)
- 2600-2400 BCE Sumerian
Great Pyramids (Menkaura, Khafre, Khufu) and Great Sphinx. Giza, Egypt. Old Kingdom, Fourth Dynasty. c. 2550-2490 BCE. Cut limestone.
Form:
-square base with 4 sloped sides (represents rays of sun)
-polished limestone
Content:
-pyramids with adjoining funerary complex; get to these through secret passageways
-Great Sphinx: human head with lion head
-descending order on West side of Nile
Function:
-maintain and protect tombs for eternity
-Great Sphinx: protecter the pyramids behind it
Context:
-built by Khufu, Khafre, and Menkuare (each temple name after)
-Khufu temple (oldest and largest)
-Old Kingdom- 2500BCE
-Giza, Egypt
King Menkaura and queen. Old Kingdom, Fourth Dynasty. c. 2490-2472 BCE Greywacke
Form: -greywacke -under life-size -symmetrical -Egyptian style: one foot in front of the other Content: -king and queen same height, idealized figures -pharaoh crown -wife gives simple affectionate gesture Function: -temple sculpture -symbolize his power and kingship Context: -Old Kingdom 2500 BCE
The Code of Hammurabi. Babylon (modern Iran). Susian. c. 1792-1750 BCE. Basalt.
Form:
-black-stone stele with words carved in it
-basalt
-frontal shoulders, everything else profile
Content:
-divine law code carved in stone
-sun god, Shamash, giving laws to Hammurabi to be king
-god is bigger (hierarchic scale)
Function:
-tells us where the laws came from
-exercises justice and divine authority to carry out the law
Context:
- Babylon (modern day Iran)
-Susian (1760-1750 BCE)
Temple of Amun-Re and Hypostyle Hall. Karnak, near Luxor, Egypt. New Kingdom, 18th and 19th Dynasties. Temple: c. 1550 BCE; hall: c. 1250 BCE. Cut sandstone and mud brick.
Form: -cut sandstone and mud brick -hypostyle hall -symmetrical plan, axial plan -open ceilings -colossal columns with sunken relief Content: -134 sandstone columns -inscriptions/images of kings and gods on walls and columns -gates (suggesting old world to new world) Function: -used for festivities and prayer -only priests and pharoahs allowed Context: -Karnak, near Luxor -New Kingdom 1250 BCE -East side of the Nile
Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut. Near Luxor, Egypt. New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty. c. 1473-1458 BCE. Sandstone, partially carved into a rock cliff, and red granite.
Form: -sandstone -red granite statue -built into rock cliff Function: -mortuary temple for Hatsheput but she wasn't buried there -statue shows her power in male ways (beard and kneeling is priest-like gesture Content: -statue of Hatsheput kneeling: offering plants to Amen, the sun god -ascent up to temple -chapels and shrines dedicated to her -hypostyle hall Context: -site specific -across from Amun temple
Akhenaton, Nefertiti, and three daughters. New Kingdom (Amarna), 18th Dynasty. c. 1353-1335 BCE. Limestone.
Form:
-sunken relief piece, limestone, hieroglyphics
Content:
-couple receiving blessing from Aten (the sun god-rays shown)
-show husband and wife seated with their children
-rays shining upon the family showing their divinity
Function:
-shows intimacy of the family
-conveys realistic fidgetiness of children
-state religious shift in evolving Egyptian art
Context:
-New Kingdom (Amarna) 1350 BCE
Tutankhamun’s tomb, innermost coffin. New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty. c. 1323 BCE. Gold inlay of enamel and semiprecious stones.
Form: -gold -inlay with stones and enamel Content: -crook and flail- symbols of Osiris -cobra and vulture coming from headpiece- gods of Upper and Lower Egypt -Son of Akhenaton Function: -sarcophagus (body inside) -materials used represent the royal wealth (143 objects buried with him) Context: - New Kingdom 1325 BCE
Last judgement of Hu-Nefer, from his tomb (page from the Book of the Dead). New Kingdom, 19th Dynasty. c. 1275 BCE. Painted papyrus scroll.
Form: -painted papyrus scroll -continuous narrative Content: -Hu-Nefer being lead to final judgement -heart weighed on scale against Osiris (test to see if has a heavy heart) -sin must weigh less than feather -Hu-Nefer is accepted into afterlife Function: -guide people to the afterlife and make journey from life to death Context: -New Kingdom 1275 BCE -found in Hu-Nefer's tomb -from the Book of the Dead
Lamassu from the citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin (modern Khorsabad, Iraq). Neo-Assyrian. c. 720-705 BCE. Alabaster.
Form: - alabaster -limestone Content: -god-like figures -animal body, human head -5 legs Function; -support doorways of Assyrian palaces -intimidate those who enter Context: - from the citadel of Sargon II (modern day Iraq) - 720-705 BCE -Sumerian
Athenian agora. Archaic through Hellenistic Greek. 600 BCE-150 CE. Plan.
Form: -long buildings (stoa) -covered places- public markets -at foot of Acropolis, road that leads up Function: -marketplace/meeting area -temple (pay tribute to Athena) Content: -participated with government -democracy- didn't vote representatives but instead participated directly Context: -600-150 BCE -Athens, Greece
Anavysos Kouros. Archaic Greek. c. 530 BCE. Marble with remnants of paint.
Form: -marble with remnant of paint -archaic smile -Egyptian inspiration shown through the stance of one foot slightly in front of other -incaustic paint Content: -not a specific civilian depicted (not individualized) -male nude (warrior) -observing the human body Function: -grave marker Context: -530 BCE -large scaled
Peplos Kore from the Acropolis. Archaic Greek. c. 530 BCE. Marble, painted details.
Form: -archaic smile -patterned hair -marble with paint remains -smaller scale Content: -women with arm out (supposed to hold out a oil lamp but hand broken off) Function: -in front of temples to "light the way" -votive figure Context: -530 BCE
Sarcophagus of the Spouses. Etruscan. c. 520 BCE. Terra cotta.
Form: -terra cotta (sign that this is Etruscan) -lifesize -archaic smile, patterned hair -extending arms Content: -husband and wife reclining on a couch dining "dining in banquet for eternity" -four pieces put together Function: -funerary container to hold ashes not the body Context: -520 BCE Etruscan
Audience Hall (apadana) of Darius and Xerxes. Persepolis, Iran. Persian. c. 520-465 BCE. Limestone.
Form:
-hypostyle hall
-cut sandstone and mud brick
-built in a hillside with big platform
-72 columns (3 portico made of 12 columns)
Content:
- relief on the side pictures Darius and Xeres
-stairs have central relief of king enthroned with attendants
-reliefs
Function;
-used to hold thousands of people (audience hall), king’s receptions
- ascend upwards symbolic
Context:
- Persepolis, Iran; Persian influence
- 520-465 BCE
-built by Darius and Xeres; destroyed by Alexander the Great
Temple of Minerva (Veii, near Rome, Italy) and sculpture of Apollo. Master sculptor Vulca. c. 510-500 BCE. Original temple of wood, mud brick, or tufa (volcanic rock); terra cotta sculpture.
Form:
-temple: wood, mud brick, tufa (volcanic rock)
-sculpture: terra cotta
-animated and moving sculpture (estruscan)
Content:
-Apollo apart of a narrative of Herakles, acroterion (roof sculpture)
-deep porch, 3 cella (entrance is emphasized)
-archaic Greek smile
Function:
-Estruscan temple made to be a place to worship the Estruscan gods and goddesses
-acroterians probably shows a mythic event
Context:
-Veii (near Rome, Italy)
-Imperial Rome 2nd centry BCE
-sculpture made by Vulca
Tomb of the Triclinium. Tarquinia, Italy. Etruscan. c. 480-470 BCE. Tufa and fresco.
Form: -tufa and fresco -wall paintings -great detailed piers -color coding to show genders (not race) Content: -pictures people casually dining in triclinium (reclined on couches) -fully furnished -lively paintings of people dancing and in motion Function: -keep record of domestic life -holds ashes (crematorium) and any other offerings to the dead Context: -Tarquinia, Italy -Estruscan 480-470 BCE
Niobides Krater. Anonymous vase painter of Classical Greece known as the Niobid Painter. c. 460-450 BCE. Clay, red-figure technique (white highlights).
Form:
- calyx krater (type of painted pot)
- stiffness in the figures contrast the other relaxed side of the vase
- sense of depth perception
- red figure technique with white highlight
Content:
- one side: mortal woman named Niobe with 12 children would always brag to the goddess Leto that she had more children so Apollo and Artemis (Leto’s children) take revenge for their mother by killing all 12 children
- other side: Hercules (identified with club and lions skins) is actually a sculpture (contraposta) and Greek soldiers are offering tribute and prayer to protect them before going into battle
Context:
- 460-450 BCE
- not signed
Doryphoros (Spear Bearer). Polykleitos. Original 450-440 BCE. Roman copy (marble) of Greek original (bronze)
Form:
-marble (Roman); bronze (Greek)
-contrapposto: shifted weight
-not meant to portray a specific person but rather specific characteristics of a Greek
Function:
-portray the physical perfection of a human figure
Content:
-everyone is imperfect but brings together different body proportions to make physical
-missing its spear
-athlete and warrior
-gazes off in the distance
Context:
-Artist= Polykleitos of Argos in 450 BCE
-Roman copy of the Greek original
Acropolis. Athens, Greece. Iktinos and Kallikrates. c. 447-410 BCE. Marble.
Form: -marble (wealth) -winged figure (nike) -elevated Content: -buildings, temples, statues -Parthenon (constructed under Pericles): -doric temple -East Pediment on parthenon: birth of Athena from the head of Zeus (Helios) -plaque of ergastines: procession held for Athena every 4 years -Temple of Athena Nike: commemorate Greek victory over the Persians -Victory Nike adjusting her sandal Function: -hold image of goddess Athen (in cella) -celebrate the female figure -civic pride (Athena) -commercial, civic, religious, and social building Context: -Athens, Greece 450-410 BCE
