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NME > Contents of the abdomen > Flashcards

Contents of the abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

What are the anatomical regions of the abdomen?

A

Epigastric region: Located above the umbilical region, in the upper middle portion of the abdomen.
Umbilical region: Centered around the umbilicus (belly button).
Hypogastric (pubic) region: Located below the umbilical region, in the lower middle portion of the abdomen.
Right and left hypochondriac regions: Situated on either side of the epigastric region, below the ribs.
Right and left lumbar regions: Positioned on either side of the umbilical region, near the waist.
Right and left iliac (inguinal) regions: Found on either side of the hypogastric region, in the lower part of the abdomen.
Median (or suprapubic) region: Located in the midline, between the pubic bones.

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2
Q

What is the significance of these anatomical regions?

A

These regions are used to describe the location of abdominal organs, identify the site of pain or tenderness, and aid in clinical examination and diagnosis.

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3
Q

What organs are located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen?

A

Stomach
Spleen
Left lobe of the liver
Body of the pancreas
Splenic flexure of the colon
Part of the transverse and descending colon

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4
Q

What organs are located in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen?

A

Cecum
Appendix
Ascending colon
Small intestine

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5
Q

What organs are located in the left lower quadrant of the abdomen?

A

Small intestine
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon

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6
Q

What organs are located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen?

A

Right lobe of the liver
Gallbladder
Duodenum (first part)
Head of the pancreas
Hepatic flexure of the colon
Part of the ascending and transverse colon

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7
Q

What is the significance of the quadrants of the abdomen?

A

The quadrants of the abdomen help in localizing and describing the location of abdominal organs, identifying the site of pain or tenderness, and assisting in the diagnosis and evaluation of various medical conditions.

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8
Q

What is the serosa/adventitia layer of the digestive tract?

A

The serosa (or adventitia) is the outermost layer of the digestive tract. It is composed of connective tissue and is covered by the peritoneum in intraperitoneal organs. In retroperitoneal organs, it is called the adventitia.

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9
Q

What is the muscularis propria/externa layer of the digestive tract?

A

The muscularis propria (or externa) is the middle layer of the digestive tract. It consists of two layers of smooth muscle: an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer. The muscularis propria is responsible for the peristaltic movement that propels food through the digestive tract.

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10
Q

What is the submucosa layer of the digestive tract?

A

The submucosa is a layer of loose connective tissue located beneath the muscularis propria. It contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that supply the mucosa and muscularis layers.

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11
Q

What is the mucosa layer of the digestive tract?

A

The mucosa is the innermost layer of the digestive tract. It consists of three subdivisions: the epithelium (which can be glandular in some regions), the lamina propria (a layer of loose connective tissue), and the muscularis mucosa (a thin layer of smooth muscle). The mucosa is responsible for secretion, absorption, and protection of the digestive tract.

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12
Q

What is the stomach?

A

: The stomach is the most dilated part of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) located between the esophagus and small intestine. It has a J-shaped structure.

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13
Q

What are the three layers of muscle in the stomach?

A

The stomach has three layers of muscle: the longitudinal, circular, and oblique muscles. These muscle layers allow for mechanical movement and mixing of food.

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14
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A

The stomach serves both mechanical and chemical functions in the initial phase of digestion. The muscle layers help with mechanical digestion through muscular contractions, while gastric juices secreted by the stomach walls aid in the chemical breakdown of food.

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15
Q

What are the anatomical relationships of the stomach?

A

The stomach is located in close proximity to other organs. The spleen is located near the stomach, and the stomach is connected to the esophagus, duodenum, and liver. The cardiac sphincter controls the opening between the esophagus and the stomach, while the pyloric sphincter controls the opening between the stomach and the duodenum. The lesser curvature of the stomach is located superiorly and to the right, while the greater curvature is located inferiorly and to the left. The antrum is a region of the stomach located near the pyloric sphincter.

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16
Q

What is the small intestine?

A

The small intestine is a convoluted tube that extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the ileocecal junction. It is approximately 5-6 meters in length.

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17
Q

What are the subdivisions of the small intestine?

A

The small intestine is subdivided into three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

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18
Q

What are the functions of the small intestine?

A

The small intestine is responsible for both digestion and absorption. It further breaks down the food received from the stomach and absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream.

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19
Q

What is the anatomy of the duodenum?

A

The duodenum is approximately 20-25 cm long and has a retroperitoneal location, except for the first 2 cm. It has a C-shaped structure and is divided into four parts: superior, descending, horizontal, and ascending. The medial border of the second part of the duodenum is where the pancreatic duct and common bile duct join to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater), which drains at the major duodenal papilla. The duodenum ends at the duodenojejunal junction, where it forms a flexure.

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20
Q

What is the jejunum?

A

The jejunum is a portion of the small intestine that is approximately 3 meters long. It extends from the duodenojejunal junction to the ileocecal junction.

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21
Q

What is the function of the jejunum and ileum?

A

The jejunum and ileum are responsible for absorption. They have a large surface area for absorption, which is increased by circular folds, villi, and microvilli. Additionally, they play a role in motility.

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22
Q

How are the jejunum and ileum anchored in the abdominal cavity?

A

The jejunum and ileum are anchored to the posterior abdominal wall by a peritoneal fold called the mesentery. The mesentery contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that supply the small intestine.

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23
Q

What is the colon?

A

The colon is the terminal part of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), extending from the ileocecal junction to the anus. It consists of the colon, rectum, and anus.

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24
Q

How long is the colon?

A

The colon is approximately 1.5 meters long, providing a large surface area for functions such as water absorption and formation of feces.

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25
Q

What are the four parts of the colon?

A

The colon is divided into four parts the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. These parts are named based on their location and shape.

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26
Q

What are the hepatic and splenic flexures?

A

The hepatic flexure, also known as the right colic flexure, is the sharp bend between the ascending colon and the transverse colon, located near the liver. The splenic flexure, also known as the left colic flexure, is the sharp bend between the transverse colon and the descending colon, located near the spleen.

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27
Q

What is the rectum?

A

The rectum is the terminal part of the large intestine, located between the sigmoid colon and the anal canal. It is approximately 15 cm long.

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28
Q

What is the rectosigmoid junction?

A

The rectosigmoid junction is the point where the rectum transitions into the sigmoid colon.

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29
Q

What is the anal canal?

A

The anal canal is the terminal part of the digestive tract, extending from the rectum to the anus. It is about 4 cm long in adults.

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30
Q

What are the anal sphincters?

A

The anal sphincters are muscular structures that control the opening and closing of the anus. There are two main sphincters the internal anal sphincter (involuntary smooth muscle) and the external anal sphincter (voluntary skeletal muscle).

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31
Q

What are the functions of the rectum and anal canal?

A

The rectum is responsible for the absorption of water and the formation of feces. The anal canal plays a crucial role in the elimination of feces through the process of defecation.

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32
Q

What is the coeliac artery/trunk?

A

The coeliac artery, also known as the coeliac trunk, is a major branch of the abdominal aorta. It supplies blood to the upper abdominal organs, including the stomach, spleen, liver, and parts of the small intestine.

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33
Q

What is the superior mesenteric artery?

A

The superior mesenteric artery is another major branch of the abdominal aorta. It supplies blood to the midgut, which includes the small intestine (except the first part, supplied by the coeliac artery), the cecum, the ascending colon, and the transverse colon.

34
Q

What is the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

The inferior mesenteric artery is a branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to the hindgut. It provides blood to the descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum.

35
Q

What is the main function of the coeliac artery, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery?

A

These arteries supply oxygenated blood to different sections of the gastrointestinal tract, ensuring proper perfusion and nourishment of the digestive organs.

36
Q

What is the left gastric artery?

A

The left gastric artery is a branch of the coeliac artery. It supplies blood to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the lower part of the esophagus.

37
Q

What is the splenic artery?

A

The splenic artery is another branch of the coeliac artery. It is responsible for supplying blood to the spleen, as well as contributing to the blood supply of the stomach.

38
Q

What is the common hepatic artery?

A

The common hepatic artery is a branch of the coeliac artery. It further divides into two main branches the proper hepatic artery and the gastroduodenal artery.

39
Q

What is the proper hepatic artery?

A

The proper hepatic artery is a branch of the common hepatic artery. It supplies blood to the liver, gallbladder, and a portion of the stomach.

40
Q

What is the main function of the left gastric artery, splenic artery, and common hepatic artery?

A

These arteries play a crucial role in supplying oxygenated blood to the liver, spleen, and stomach, ensuring their proper functioning and nourishment.

41
Q

How does the stomach drain venous blood?

A

The venous drainage of the stomach occurs through local branches that ultimately drain into the portal vein, which carries blood to the liver.

42
Q

What is the main vein responsible for draining the spleen?

A

The splenic vein is the main vessel that drains venous blood from the spleen.

43
Q

What does the splenic vein join to form?

A

The splenic vein joins the superior mesenteric vein to form the portal vein. The portal vein carries blood from the abdominal organs to the liver.

44
Q

How does the liver drain venous blood?

A

The liver is drained by the hepatic veins, which directly empty into the inferior vena cava. The inferior vena cava returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.

45
Q

What is the significance of the portal vein in the venous drainage of the stomach, spleen, and liver?

A

The portal vein plays a crucial role in carrying blood rich in nutrients and substances absorbed from the digestive system to the liver for processing and detoxification.

46
Q

Where does the superior mesenteric artery arise from?

A

The superior mesenteric artery arises from the abdominal aorta at the level of L1 vertebra.

47
Q

What regions of the gastrointestinal tract are supplied by the superior mesenteric artery?

A

The superior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the distal part of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, and the proximal two-thirds of the transverse colon.

48
Q

What are the main branches of the superior mesenteric artery?

A

The main branches of the superior mesenteric artery include the jejunal and ileal branches, middle colic artery, right colic artery, and ileocolic artery.

49
Q

What is the function of the jejunal and ileal branches of the superior mesenteric artery?

A

The jejunal and ileal branches supply blood to the jejunum and ileum, respectively, contributing to the blood supply of the small intestine.

50
Q

What areas of the large intestine are supplied by the middle colic artery, right colic artery, and ileocolic artery?

A

The middle colic artery supplies the transverse colon, the right colic artery supplies the ascending colon, and the ileocolic artery supplies the ileum, cecum, and the appendix.

51
Q

What are the branches of the superior mesenteric artery that drain into the superior mesenteric vein?

A

The jejunal and ileal branches, ileocolic vein, right colic vein, and middle colic vein drain into the superior mesenteric vein.

52
Q

What is the function of the jejunal and ileal branches in venous drainage?

A

The jejunal and ileal branches collect deoxygenated blood from the jejunum and ileum, respectively, and drain it into the superior mesenteric vein.

53
Q

Where does the ileocolic vein drain?

A

The ileocolic vein drains blood from the ileum, cecum, and appendix into the superior mesenteric vein.

54
Q

What regions of the large intestine are drained by the right colic vein and middle colic vein?

A

The right colic vein drains the ascending colon, while the middle colic vein drains the transverse colon. Both veins eventually drain into the superior mesenteric vein.

55
Q

What is the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

The inferior mesenteric artery arises from the abdominal aorta at the level of L3.

56
Q

Which regions of the gastrointestinal tract are supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

The inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the distal 1/3 of the transverse colon, the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and the upper half of the anal canal.

57
Q

What are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

The branches of the inferior mesenteric artery include the left colic artery, sigmoid arteries, and superior rectal artery.

58
Q

What is the function of the left colic artery in venous drainage?

A

The left colic artery collects deoxygenated blood from the descending colon and drains it into the inferior mesenteric vein.

59
Q

Where does the sigmoid artery drain?

A

The sigmoid artery drains blood from the sigmoid colon into the inferior mesenteric vein.

60
Q

What regions of the gastrointestinal tract are drained by the superior rectal artery?

A

The superior rectal artery drains the upper half of the anal canal, the rectum, and the distal part of the sigmoid colon.

61
Q

What is the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

The inferior mesenteric artery arises from the abdominal aorta at the level of L3.

62
Q

Which regions of the gastrointestinal tract are supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

The inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the distal 1/3 of the transverse colon, the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and the upper half of the anal canal.

63
Q

What are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

The branches of the inferior mesenteric artery include the left colic artery, sigmoid arteries, and superior rectal artery.

64
Q

What is the function of the left colic artery in venous drainage?

A

The left colic artery collects deoxygenated blood from the descending colon and drains it into the inferior mesenteric vein.

65
Q

Where does the sigmoid artery drain?

A

The sigmoid artery drains blood from the sigmoid colon into the inferior mesenteric vein.

66
Q

What regions of the gastrointestinal tract are drained by the superior rectal artery?

A

The superior rectal artery drains the upper half of the anal canal, the rectum, and the distal part of the sigmoid colon.

67
Q

Where does the inferior mesenteric vein drain?

A

The inferior mesenteric vein drains into the splenic vein.

68
Q

What is the name of the sympathetic ganglia associated with the celiac trunk?

A

Celiac ganglia

69
Q

Which nerve carries parasympathetic innervation to the foregut and midgut regions?

A

Vagus nerve (CN X)

70
Q

Which nerve carries parasympathetic innervation to the hindgut region?

A

pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)

71
Q

What are the three divisions of the thoracoabdominal splanchnic nerves based on spinal levels?

A

Greater splanchnic nerves T5-T9
Lesser splanchnic nerves T10-T11
Least/Lowest splanchnic nerves T12

72
Q

What are the two divisions of the lumbar splanchnic nerves based on spinal levels?

A

Lumbar splanchnic nerves L1-L2
Sacral splanchnic nerves S2-S4

73
Q

What is the general pathway of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers in the abdomen?

A

Sympathetic fibers follow a pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic pathway, passing through the sympathetic ganglia. Parasympathetic fibers originate from cranial and sacral levels and reach their target organs without synapsing in ganglia.

74
Q

Which nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the hindgut in the pelvic region?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)

75
Q

Which nerves provide parasympathetic innervation to the foregut and midgut regions?

A

Vagus nerve (CN X)

76
Q

Which nerves provide parasympathetic innervation to the hindgut region?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)

77
Q

What are the three divisions of the thoracoabdominal splanchnic nerves based on spinal levels and their corresponding regions of innervation?

A

Greater splanchnic nerves (T5-T9) innervate the foregut.

Lesser splanchnic nerves (T10-T11) innervate the midgut.
Least/Lowest splanchnic nerves (T12) innervate the hindgut.

78
Q

What are the two divisions of the lumbar splanchnic nerves based on spinal levels and their corresponding regions of innervation?

A

Lumbar splanchnic nerves (L1-L2) innervate the hindgut.
Sacral splanchnic nerves (S2-S4) innervate the hindgut in the pelvic region.

79
Q

What is the role of the vagus nerve (CN X) in autonomic innervation?

A

The vagus nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the foregut, midgut, and some parts of the hindgut. It regulates digestive functions and promotes rest and relaxation responses.

80
Q

What is the general pathway of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers in the abdomen?

A

Sympathetic fibers follow a preganglionic and postganglionic pathway, passing through sympathetic ganglia. Parasympathetic fibers originate from specific cranial and sacral levels and reach their target organs without synapsing in ganglia.

NME (49 decks)

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