Ages and Stages Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
What are micronutrients?
A
Vitamins, minerals, and trace elements essential for life.
2
Q
How do vitamins typically function in the body?
A
Vitamins often act as co-enzymes in metabolic pathways.
3
Q
What roles do minerals and trace elements play in cellular mechanisms?
A
Minerals and trace elements participate in a wide range of cellular mechanisms.
4
Q
What type of diets can lead to micronutrient deficiencies?
A
Extreme or fad diets can also result in micronutrient deficiencies.
5
Q
Name some examples of fat-soluble vitamins.
A
Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, and Vitamin K are examples of fat-soluble vitamins.
6
Q
How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed in the body?
A
Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed in the intestine in the presence of fat.
7
Q
Where are fat-soluble vitamins stored in the body?
A
Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in body tissues.
8
Q
Name a few examples of water-soluble vitamins.
A
Vitamin C, B1 (thiamine), B12, and folate are examples of water-soluble vitamins.
9
Q
How are water-soluble vitamins absorbed in the body?
A
Water-soluble vitamins are readily dissolved and absorbed in the intestine.
10
Q
Do our bodies generally store water-soluble vitamins?
A
No
11
Q
What are the functions of Vitamin A (retinol)?
A
Vitamin A (retinol) functions in immune response and dim light vision.
12
Q
Name some food sources of Vitamin A.
A
Liver and liver products, kidney and offal, oily fish and fish liver oils, eggs, dairy products, and fortified low-fat spreads are food sources of Vitamin A.
13
Q
How is beta-carotene converted in the body?
A
Beta-carotene is converted to retinol in the body.
14
Q
What are some good sources of beta-carotene?
A
Yellow, red, and green (leafy) vegetables such as spinach, broccoli, carrots, sweet potatoes, and red peppers, as well as yellow fruits like mango, papaya, and apricots are good sources of beta-carotene.
15
Q
Are there any specific recommendations for postmenopausal women and older men regarding vitamin A intake?
A
Postmenopausal women and older men should avoid consuming more than 1.5mg of vitamin A daily from food and supplements.
16
Q
What are the functions of Vitamin D?
A
Vitamin D functions in calcium absorption and excretion as well as bone mineralization.
17
Q
Name some food sources of Vitamin D.
A
Cod liver oil, oily fish, fortified foods such as some margarines and breakfast cereals, eggs, and liver are food sources of Vitamin D.
18
Q
What is the advice from the Department of Health regarding Vitamin D?
A
The Department of Health advises that everyone, including pregnant and breastfeeding women, should consider taking a daily supplement containing 10 micrograms of vitamin D during autumn and winter.
19
Q
Is UK cows’ milk a good source of vitamin D?
A
No, UK cows’ milk is generally not a good source of vitamin D as it is not fortified like it is in some other countries.
20
Q
What are the functions of Vitamin E?
A
Vitamin E helps maintain healthy skin, eyes, and immune system. It protects cell membrane and lipoproteins from damage by free radicals, maintains cell membrane integrity, regulates prostaglandin synthesis, and supports DNA synthesis.
21
Q
Name some food sources of Vitamin E.
A
Vitamin E is found in a wide variety of foods, including plant oils such as rapeseed (vegetable oil), sunflower, soybean, corn, and olive oil. It is also present in nuts and seeds, as well as wheat germ found in cereals and cereal products.
22
Q
What are the functions of Vitamin K?
A
Vitamin K is necessary for blood clotting and helps wounds to heal. There is also some evidence linking it to bone health.
23
Q
Name some food sources of Vitamin K.
A
Green leafy vegetables such as broccoli, spinach, cabbage, and kale are good sources of Vitamin K. It can also be found in vegetable oils, especially soybean oil, cereal grains, eggs, and in smaller amounts in meat and dairy foods.
24
Q
Are there any precautions regarding Vitamin K supplements?
A
Supplements containing Vitamin K should not be taken with anticoagulant drugs.
25
What are the functions of Vitamin C?
Vitamin C acts as a powerful antioxidant, supports collagen synthesis, activates peptide hormones, aids in bile synthesis, and assists in the metabolism of drugs and carcinogens. It also enhances the absorption of iron when consumed in the same meal.
26
Name some food sources of Vitamin C.
Good sources of Vitamin C include citrus fruits such as oranges and orange juice, peppers, strawberries, blackcurrants, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, potatoes, and sweet potatoes.
27
Can Vitamin C be stored in the body?
No, Vitamin C cannot be stored in the body.
28
What are the functions of Thiamine (B1)?
Thiamine (B1) is involved in the breakdown and release of energy from food. It also supports the nervous system.
29
Name some food sources of Thiamine (B1).
Thiamine (B1) can be found in peas, pulses, nuts, some fresh fruits (such as bananas and oranges), wholegrain breads, fortified breakfast cereals, liver, yeast, yeast products, and milk.
30
What are the functions of Cobalamin (B12)?
Cobalamin (B12) is responsible for making red blood cells, supporting the nervous system, and assisting in the release of energy from food. It also works together with folate.
31
Name some food sources of Cobalamin (B12).
Cobalamin (B12) can be found in meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs, and some fortified breakfast cereals.
32
What are the functions of Folate?
Folate helps in the production of healthy red blood cells and reduces the risk of birth defects, particularly neural tube defects.
33
Name some food sources of Folate.
Folate can be obtained from broccoli, Brussels sprouts, peas, leafy green vegetables (such as cabbage, kale, and spinach), chickpeas, kidney beans, liver, and breakfast cereals fortified with folic acid.
34
When should supplements be taken for Folate?
Supplements containing folate should be taken preconception and until 12 weeks of gestation.
35
What are the functions of Calcium?
Calcium is involved in providing structural rigidity to bones and teeth. It also plays a role in regulating muscle contractions, including the heartbeat, and is essential for blood clotting.
36
Name some food sources of Calcium.
Good food sources of calcium include milk, cheese, and other dairy foods. Green leafy vegetables such as curly kale, okra, and spinach also contain calcium. Soya drinks with added calcium, bread made with fortified flour, and fish where the bones are eaten, such as sardines and pilchards, are additional sources of calcium.
37
What are the functions of Sodium?
Sodium helps maintain the balance of fluids in the body. It is essential for regulating fluid levels, and chloride, which is part of sodium chloride (salt), aids in digestion.
38
Name some food sources of Sodium.
Sodium is commonly found in sodium chloride (salt), which is added to many processed foods, including ready meals, meat products like bacon and ham, some cereals, cheese, tinned vegetables, some bread, and savory snacks.
39
What are the potential risks of consuming too much sodium?
: Consuming too much salt is associated with high blood pressure, increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks and strokes.
40
Are there any additional sources of sodium to be cautious of?
Effervescent vitamin supplements or painkillers can contain up to 1 gram of salt per tablet, so it's important to be mindful of sodium intake from these sources as well.
41
What is the function of Iron?
Iron serves multiple functions in the body. It is a crucial component of hemoglobin, which transports oxygen in the bloodstream and supports cell respiration. Iron is also necessary for myoglobin, which stores oxygen in muscles.
42
Name some food sources of Iron.
Good food sources of iron include liver (though it should be avoided during pregnancy), red meat, beans such as red kidney beans, soybeans, and chickpeas, nuts, dried fruit, fortified breakfast cereals, and soybean flour.
43
What are the potential consequences of iron deficiency?
Iron deficiency can lead to a condition called iron deficiency anemia. Common symptoms include pallor of fingernails and mucous membranes, tachycardia (rapid heart rate), fatigue, shortness of breath on exertion, and paraesthesia (tingling sensation) of fingers and toes.
44
Who is at a higher risk of iron deficiency anemia?
Women who experience heavy menstrual bleeding are at a higher risk of iron deficiency anemia. They may need to consider taking iron supplements to meet their iron needs.
45
What is the function of Potassium?
Potassium helps control fluid balance in the body and plays a vital role in the proper functioning of the heart muscle.
46
Name some food sources of Potassium.
Good food sources of potassium include bananas, oranges, certain vegetables like tomatoes and mushrooms, beans and pulses, nuts and seeds, coffee, chocolate, yogurt, and potatoes.
47
Why should older people be cautious about potassium intake?
Older people may be more at risk of harm from potassium because their kidneys may be less able to remove excess potassium from the blood. Therefore, older individuals should avoid taking potassium supplements unless advised to do so by a doctor.
48
What are the considerations for vegan diets during pregnancy?
Vegan diets can be adequate in maintaining health during pregnancy. However, there is an increased risk of Vitamin B12 deficiency in vegan diets.
49
What important omega-3 fatty acid is typically lacking in vegan diets?
Vegan diets lack docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which is one of the most important omega-3 fatty acids. Vegetarian diets only provide around 20mg of DHA per day.
50
Why is DHA critical during pregnancy?
DHA is critical for the optimal development of the brain and visual systems. It plays a significant role in the growth and development of the fetus.
51
How does the maternal diet affect the fatty acid composition of breast milk?
The fatty acid composition of breast milk reflects that of the maternal diet. Therefore, the maternal diet is a major determinant of the n-3 fatty acid status of a breastfed infant and their subsequent immune function.
52
What is the recommendation for pregnant and lactating vegan women regarding DHA intake?
All pregnant and lactating vegan women should aim to have more than 200mg of DHA daily. This may require taking a DHA-rich supplement to ensure adequate intake.
53
What are the dietary recommendations for breastfeeding mothers?
Breastfeeding mothers should maintain a healthy diet with plenty of fluids and limit their caffeine intake.
54
What are the increased nutrient requirements for breastfeeding mothers?
Breastfeeding mothers have increased requirements for energy, protein, all vitamins (except B6), calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, copper, and selenium.
55
What is the recommended daily supplement for breastfeeding mothers?
Breastfeeding mothers are recommended to take a daily supplement of 10 μg of vitamin D.
56
What is the recommended intake of oily fish for breastfeeding mothers?
Breastfeeding mothers should consume no more than two portions of oily fish per week.
57
How does a vegan diet affect the calcium content of breast milk?
The calcium content of breast milk is unaffected by the mother's vegan diet.
58
What nutrient may be inadequately provided by a vegan mother's breast milk for infants above 7 months?
Vegan mothers' breast milk may contain inadequate zinc for infants above 7 months.
59
What is the recommended option for non-breastfed vegan infants?
For non-breastfed vegan infants, soya formula is the recommended option.
60
How do health inequalities impact infant nutrition?
Health inequalities can impact the nutrition of low-income and other disadvantaged groups compared to the general population, leading to potential disparities in infant feeding practices and nutrient intake.
61
What are the potential long-term health implications of nutrition programming during infancy?
Nutrition programming during infancy has been linked to the risk of obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, allergies, mental health issues, bone health, diabetes, and adult taste preferences.
62
What are some benefits of breastfeeding for mothers?
Mothers who breastfeed may experience benefits such as weight loss, reduced risk of depression, and a lower risk of breast cancer.
63
What is the most common oral disease affecting children, and is it preventable?
Tooth decay is the most common oral disease affecting children, and it is largely preventable with proper oral hygiene and a healthy diet.
64
How can infectious illnesses be linked to infant feeding practices?
: Infectious illnesses can be linked to the improper preparation of formula feeds or the early introduction of food, which may increase the risk of contamination and infection.
65
What is the recommended feeding practice for infants aged 0-6 months?
Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended until 6 months of age.
66
What is the suitable alternative to breastfeeding for infants who are not breastfed or need supplementation?
First infant formula is the only suitable alternative for infants who are not breastfed or need to supplement breast milk.
67
When can other milks or milk substitutes, such as cow's milk, be introduced as a main drink?
Other milks or milk substitutes, including cow's milk, should not be introduced as a main drink until 12 months of age due to their lower iron content.
68
Is "follow-on" formula suitable for babies under 6 months?
No, "follow-on" formula is not suitable for babies under 6 months of age and does not need to be given after 6 months.
69
Is baby rice necessary to help babies transition to solid foods or sleep better?
No, baby rice is not needed to help babies transition to solid foods or sleep better.
70
What should be added to a bottle other than breast milk or infant formula?
Nothing should be added to a bottle other than breast milk or infant formula. It is important to avoid adding any other substances.
71
Should babies consuming 500mls (about a pint) or more of formula per day be given vitamin supplements?
Babies consuming 500mls or more of formula per day do not need to be given vitamin supplements.
72
When should weaning (introduction of solid foods) typically start?
Weaning should start around 6 months of age.
73
What provides the necessary energy and nutrients for babies until around 6 months old?
Breast milk or first infant formula provides the energy and nutrients needed for babies until around 6 months old.
74
Why is starting weaning around 6 months beneficial for babies?
Starting weaning around 6 months allows babies time to develop and be more capable of coping with solid foods and feeding themselves.
75
Is the amount of food eaten more important than getting used to eating during weaning?
During weaning, getting used to eating is more important than the amount of food eaten. The focus is on introducing different tastes and textures.
76
Where does the majority of energy and nutrients come from during weaning?
During weaning, the majority of energy and nutrients still come from breast milk or first infant formula.
77
When can foods containing allergens be introduced to babies, and how should they be introduced?
Foods containing allergens can be introduced from around 6 months of age, one at a time and in small amounts to monitor for any allergic reactions.
78
Can cows' milk be given as a drink to babies around 6 months of age?
Cows' milk should not be given as a drink to babies until they are 1 year old. However, it can be used in cooking or mixed with food from around 6 months of age.
79
Should salt or sugar be added to the food of infants and children?
No, salt or sugar should not be added to the food of infants and children, including in cooking water.
80
Should formula-fed babies take a vitamin D supplement?
Formula-fed babies should take a vitamin D supplement if they are having less than 500ml of formula a day.
81
Should all breastfed babies take a vitamin D supplement?
Yes, all breastfed babies should take a vitamin D supplement.
82
What is neophobia and when does it typically peak?
Neophobia is the fear of trying new foods. It typically peaks around 18 months of age.
83
What development occurs between 3-5 years in relation to food?
Between 3-5 years, children develop disgust fears and may stop eating foods they previously enjoyed. They may refuse a food that looks like something they find disgusting.
84
What fear might children develop in relation to food, and how does it affect their food choices?
Children may develop a contamination fear, where if a disliked food is put next to a liked food, they will refuse both foods. This fear affects their food choices and can lead to limited food preferences.
85
Does the Eatwell Guide apply to children under the age of two?
No, the Eatwell Guide does not apply to children under the age of two.
86
What is the recommended approach for children between 2 and 5 years regarding their diet?
Children between 2 and 5 years should gradually transition to eating the same foods as the rest of the family, following the Eatwell proportions.
87
Do breastfed babies receive the right amount of minerals, including sodium, from breast milk?
Yes, if a baby is breastfed, they will receive the right amount of minerals, including sodium, from breast milk.
88
Is the mineral content similar in formula milk compared to breast milk?
Yes, formula milk contains a similar amount of minerals to breast milk.
89
Should vitamin supplements be given to all children aged 6 months to 5 years?
Yes, all children aged 6 months to 5 years should be given vitamin supplements containing vitamins A, C, and D every day.
90
What nutrients may be lower in vegan adolescent diets?
Vegan adolescent diets are often lower in iron, riboflavin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin D, calcium, and selenium.
91
What challenges may arise in feeding smaller children on restrictive vegan diets?
Restrictive vegan diets may cause energy deficits due to low energy density and bulk, presenting challenges in feeding smaller children.
92
Why is it prudent to ensure good sources of iron during periods of rapid growth?
It is important to ensure good sources of iron during periods of rapid growth to support healthy development.
93
Are there significant health differences in babies born to vegan/vegetarian mothers?
No, there are no significant health differences observed in babies born to vegan/vegetarian mothers compared to those born to non-vegan/non-vegetarian mothers.
94
What are the differences in energy, calcium, and phosphorus requirements between adults and adolescents?
In adults aged 19-50 years, the requirements for energy, calcium, and phosphorus are lower compared to adolescents.
95
How do the requirements for magnesium and iron differ between women and men in the 19-50 age group?
Women in the 19-50 age group have a reduced requirement for magnesium, while men have a reduced requirement for iron.
96
Do the requirements for protein and most vitamins and minerals change significantly in adults compared to adolescents?
No, the requirements for protein and most vitamins and minerals remain virtually unchanged in adults aged 19-50 years compared to adolescents. However, there may be a slight increase in selenium requirements for men.
97
How does the Body Mass Index (BMI) of vegetarians and vegans compare to omnivores?
Vegetarians and vegans tend to have a lower BMI compared to omnivores.
98
Is the dietary iron intake of vegetarians and vegans similar or higher than meat eaters?
The dietary iron intake of vegetarians and vegans is often similar to or higher than that of meat eaters.
99
Are there a sufficient number of food options suitable for vegetarians and vegans?
Yes, the availability of food options suitable for vegetarians and especially vegans is expanding, providing a wider variety of choices.
100
Is there a potential for iodine deficiency, particularly among vegans?
Yes, there is a potential for iodine deficiency, especially among vegans who may have limited sources of iodine in their diet.
101
Are there any health benefits associated with a vegetarian diet?
A vegetarian diet has been associated with potential health benefits, such as a lower risk of death from ischaemic heart disease.
102
Are there increased risks of nutrient deficiencies with a vegan diet compared to a vegetarian diet?
Yes, there is a higher risk of nutrient deficiencies associated with a vegan diet compared to a vegetarian diet, primarily due to the exclusion of all animal products. It is important for vegans to pay attention to their nutrient intake and consider appropriate supplementation if necessary.
103
Do energy requirements decrease in later life?
Yes, energy requirements gradually decrease after the age of 50 in women and 60 in men, as individuals typically become less active and experience a reduced basal metabolic rate.
104
What is the importance of nutrient density in the diet of older adults?
Nutrient density is crucial in the diet of older adults to ensure they receive adequate nutrients while consuming fewer calories.
105
How do protein requirements change in later life?
Protein requirements decrease slightly for men but increase slightly for women in later life.
106
Can weight control and physical activity help reduce menopausal symptoms?
Yes, controlling weight and increasing physical activity can be beneficial in reducing menopausal symptoms.
