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Pathophysiology Semester 2 > Contractile & Inert Tissue > Flashcards

Contractile & Inert Tissue Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

What is tendinopathy?

A

Pain and dysfunction associated with any tendon

‘O-pathy’ refers to disease or disorders.

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3
Q

What are common risk factors for tendinopathy?

A
  • Overload/underload
  • Changes in load/training
  • Age
  • Previous injury
  • Increased BMI
  • Diabetes (DM)
  • Medication
  • Genetic factors
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4
Q

What triggers the pathophysiology of tendinopathy?

A

Generally triggered by overload of a tendon although some changes also occur with underload.

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5
Q

What are the components of tendinopathy?

A
  • Degenerative components
  • Inflammatory components
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6
Q

What changes occur in tendon cell population during tendinopathy?

A
  • Increased number of tenocytes
  • Increased tenocyte metabolism
  • Increased immature tenocytes
  • Increased rate of apoptosis
  • Immune reactive cells
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7
Q

What happens to collagen organization in tendinopathy?

A
  • Reduced type 1 fibres
  • Reduced type 3 fibres
  • Higher concentration of immature collagen bundles
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8
Q

What ground substance changes occur in tendinopathy?

A
  • Increased proteoglycans
  • Increased water content
  • Chemical alterations including increased substance P, glutamate, and lactate
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9
Q

What is neovascularization in the context of tendinopathy?

A

Influx of blood vessels and nerves growing into the tendon.

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10
Q

What are common clinical signs and symptoms of tendinopathy?

A
  • Pain
  • Weakness
  • Swelling
  • Decreased function
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11
Q

What are the key components of physiotherapy management for tendinopathy?

A
  • Education
  • Exercise
  • Load modification/management
  • Stretches
  • Shockwave
  • Manual therapy
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12
Q

Which tendinopathy is most prevalent in the lower limb?

A

Gluteal tendinopathy (GTPS)

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13
Q

What are the clinical signs and symptoms of gluteal tendinopathy?

A
  • Lateral hip pain
  • Tenderness around Greater trochanter
  • Pain on walking/standing on one leg
  • Pain when getting from sitting/side lying
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14
Q

What management strategies are suggested for gluteal tendinopathy?

A
  • Education
  • Load management
  • Avoid compressive exercises in early stages
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15
Q

What is patella tendinopathy commonly associated with?

A

High prevalence in jumping sports.

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs and symptoms of patella tendinopathy?

A
  • Anterior knee pain
  • Decreased function in activities like stairs, up/down hills, kneeling
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17
Q

What physiotherapy management strategies are used for patella tendinopathy?

A
  • Education
  • Load management
  • Exercise
  • Taping
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18
Q

What are common clinical signs and symptoms of Achilles tendinopathy?

A
  • Pain and swelling around the tendon
  • Pain often worst at start and end of training session
  • Tender, nodular swelling in chronic cases
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19
Q

What are the clinical signs and symptoms of plantar fasciopathy?

A
  • Pain at the proximal insertion of the plantar fascia
  • Pain first thing in the morning or after activities
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20
Q

What is the most common overuse syndrome in the elbow?

A

Lateral epicondylalgia (tennis elbow)

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21
Q

What are the clinical signs and symptoms of lateral epicondylalgia?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Pain around the lateral epicondyle
  • Aggravated by resisted wrist/finger extension
  • Variable pain reported
22
Q

What is medial epicondylalgia?

Study These Flashcards
A

An overuse tendinopathy affecting the common origin of the flexors and pronators.

23
Q

What are common management strategies for medial epicondylalgia?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Education
  • Load management
  • Exercise
  • Brace/taping
24
Q

What is De Quervain’s tendinopathy?

Study These Flashcards
A

Inflammation of the synovial sheaths of EPB and APL, more common in women.

25
What are the clinical signs and symptoms of De Quervain's?
* Pain on the radial side of the wrist * Aggravated by resisted thumb extension/abduction
26
What are strains/tears?
Muscle or tendon injury involving over contraction or lengthening causing tearing of collagen.
27
What are the grades of ligament sprains?
* Grade I: overstretched with micro-tears * Grade II: partial tear with inflammatory signs * Grade III: complete rupture
28
What is frozen shoulder?
Adhesive capsulitis characterized by initially painful and later progressively restricted GH joint ROM
29
What are the phases of frozen shoulder?
* Acute/freezing/painful phase * Adhesive/frozen/stiffening phase * Resolution/thawing phase
30
What is osteoarthritis (OA)?
The most common chronic condition of the joints, affecting various joints.
31
What are common sites of ligament injuries?
* ACL * PCL * LCL * MCL * ATFL * CTFL * ACJ ligaments
32
What are the three phases of management for pain?
* Initial phase: painful, freezing * Second phase: decreased range of movement * Third phase: resolution
33
What is the most common chronic condition of the joints?
Osteoarthritis (OA) ## Footnote OA affects various joints, particularly the knees, hips, lower back, neck, and small joints of the fingers.
34
What structures are affected by osteoarthritis?
* Articular cartilage * Subchondral bone * Ligaments * Capsule * Synovial membrane * Periarticular muscles
35
What is the global prevalence of osteoarthritis?
3.3% to 3.6% ## Footnote OA is the 11th most debilitating disease worldwide.
36
What are the risk factors for developing osteoarthritis?
* Age * Female gender * Obesity * Anatomical factors * Muscle weakness * Joint injury
37
What are common clinical signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis?
* Pain during weight-bearing activities * Reduced range of movement * Slight swelling over the joint * Clicking/grinding
38
What are the management strategies for osteoarthritis?
* Education and self-management * Non-pharmacological management * Pharmacological management * Referral for joint surgery
39
What are the two types of meniscal tears?
* Acute tears * Degenerative tears
40
What is a common mechanism of injury for meniscal tears?
Twisting injury on a semi-flexed limb through a weight-bearing knee ## Footnote Often associated with ACL and MCL injuries.
41
What symptoms are associated with meniscal tears?
* Pain in the knee joint * Swelling * Catching or locking of the knee * Inability to fully extend or bend the knee * Difficulty weight bearing
42
What type of tears are often treated with physical therapy and anti-inflammatory medication?
Degenerative tears
43
What is Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS)?
An umbrella term for pain arising from the patellofemoral joint or adjacent soft tissues ## Footnote Can be acute or chronic, worsens with activities like squatting and running.
44
What are common causes of PFPS?
* Overuse of the patellofemoral joint * Anatomical or biomechanical abnormalities * Muscular weakness * Imbalance or dysfunction
45
What are the risk factors for PFPS?
* Knee hyperextension * Lateral tibial torsion * Genu valgum or varus * Increased Q-angle * Tightness in iliotibial band, hamstrings, or gastrocnemius * Pes planus or Pes cavus
46
What are the management strategies for PFPS?
* Education * Open vs. closed chain exercises * Strengthening of quadriceps, hamstrings, glutes, and calves * Patellar taping * Orthotics * Modalities * Manual therapy
47
What stabilizes the shoulder joint?
* Shoulder labrum * Capsule * Surrounding muscles
48
What leads to shoulder instability?
Stretching or tearing of the labrum and/or ligaments ## Footnote This can lead to dislocation and subluxation.
49
What are the types of dislocations associated with shoulder instability?
* Anterior dislocation * Posterior dislocation * Inferior dislocation (subluxio erecta)
50
What is a Bankart lesion?
A tear of the labrum from the bone, leading to an unstable shoulder ## Footnote Often indicates the need for surgical intervention.
51
What are other forms of dislocations related to shoulder injuries?
* ALPSA lesion * HAGL tear * Bony Bankart * Hill-Sachs lesion * SLAP tear
52
What are the management strategies for shoulder instability?
* Physiotherapy * Surgery * Arthroscopic procedures * Open shoulder procedures

Pathophysiology Semester 2 (10 decks)

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