Cardiac Disease, Cardiac Surgery Flashcards
(34 cards)
What is the definition of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)?
CVD is a general term for conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels
CVD is associated with damage to the arteries of the brain, kidneys, and eyes.
What are the types of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)?
- Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
- Cerebral Vascular Accidents (CVA)
- Transient Ischaemic Attacks (TIA)
- Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)
- Aortic Disease
What is Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)?
A disease where the coronary arteries are blocked or narrowed
Sometimes referred to as ischaemic heart disease or coronary artery disease.
What is a Myocardial Infarction (MI)?
When the blood supplying oxygen to the heart is severely reduced or cut off, leading to ischaemia and scar formation.
What are common symptoms of CHD?
- Pain, discomfort, pressure, tightness in chest
- Dizziness
- Shortness of breath
- Fatigue
- Nausea
- Rapid heart rate
- Sweating
- Swollen ankles or legs
What is Angina?
Chest pain due to an inadequate supply of oxygen to the heart muscle.
What are the types of Angina?
- Stable (angina pectoris)
- Unstable
- Variant (Prinzmetal)
- Microvascular (Cardiac Syndrome X)
What are the risk factors for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)?
- Age
- Gender
- Social deprivation
- Smoking
- Diet
- Exercise
- Alcohol
- Psychosocial well-being
- Blood pressure
- Cholesterol
- Obesity
- Diabetes
- Ethnicity
- Family history
What treatments are available for Angina?
- Medications (nitrates, anticoagulants)
- Lifestyle changes
- Surgery (angioplasty, CABG)
What causes Heart Valve Disease?
- Congenital heart disease
- Rheumatic fever
- Cardiomyopathy
- Myocardial Infarction
- Endocarditis
- Aging
What are the symptoms of Heart Valve Disease?
- Shortness of breath
- Ankle/feet swelling
- Fatigue
What is the effect of a diseased or damaged valve?
It can obstruct or restrict blood flow (stenosis) or allow blood to leak backwards (valve incompetence).
What are the common symptoms of Heart Failure?
- Shortness of breath on exertion
- Swollen feet, ankles, stomach
- Fatigue or feeling weak
What is the common cause of Heart Failure?
Myocardial Infarction (MI).
What are the treatments for Heart Failure?
- Diuretics
- Pacemaker
- Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)
What is the prognosis of Myocardial Infarction (MI)?
Depends on site of infarction and degree of damage, can lead to sudden death, arrhythmias, or heart failure.
What cardiac enzymes are used in the diagnosis of MI?
- Troponin
- Creatinine Kinase (CK)
What is the significance of Troponin in MI diagnosis?
Appears after 3-6 hours, peaks at 24-48 hours, lasts 7-10 days.
What types of treatment are available for MI?
- Drugs (beta-blockers, vasodilators)
- Cardiac catheterisation
- PTCA
- Stenting
- CABG
What does CABG stand for?
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
CABG is a surgical procedure used to treat coronary heart disease by bypassing blocked portions of coronary arteries.
Name a common graft site used in CABG.
- Saphenous vein
- Radial artery
- Left internal thoracic artery (LITA)
- Right internal thoracic artery (RITA)
- Right gastroepiploic artery
- Inferior epigastric artery
These sites are selected based on their suitability for bypassing blocked arteries.
What are the two main types of valve replacement?
- Mechanical
- Tissue
Mechanical valves last longer but require anticoagulation, while tissue valves have a shorter lifespan and are made from animal tissues.
What are common complications following cardiac surgery?
- Perioperative MI
- Bleeding
- Low cardiac output
- Atrial fibrillation
- Chest infection/pneumonia
- Renal impairment/failure
- Wound infection
- Neurological issues
- Keloid scarring
These complications can vary in severity and may require further medical intervention.
Fill in the blank: The procedure for valve replacement typically involves a _______ and is usually performed under general anesthesia.
median sternotomy
