Contrast Media

Question 1

Contrast media purpose-

Answer 1

Visualize internal structures of body

Question 2

How contrast media works-

Answer 2

Makes a difference b/w structures bec it has high atomic number

Question 3

2 types of contrast media-

Answer 3

-positive
-negative

Question 4

Negative contrast-

Answer 4

-radiolucent
-dark on radiograph bec low atomic #
-ex.- air or CO2 crystals

Question 5

Positive contrast-

Answer 5

-radiopaque
-light/white on radiograph bec high atomic #
-ex.- barium & iodine

Question 6

Barium sulfate administered-

Answer 6

-Internally only via GI tract
-can drink/NG tue

Question 7

Barium when mixed w: water-

Answer 7

Becomes suspension bec doesn’t dissolve in water

Question 8

Flocculation-

Answer 8

Clumping of barium in bottom of container

Question 9

Position when administering barium orally-

Answer 9

Standing/seated erect so pt. doesn’t aspirate

Question 10

Methylcellulose-

Answer 10

-non-digestible starch can be added to barium to provide see through effect
-barium peritonitis

Question 11

Water-soluble iodinated contrast media-

Answer 11

Can be absorbed & discarded by body

Question 12

Gastrografin-

Answer 12

-alternative to barium
-used when suspected perforation of GI tract on inside
-barium peritonitis
-water-soluble iodinated contrast media

Question 13

Extravasate-

Answer 13

Leaking of material from a vessel

Question 14

Sequence of exams (single patient) (4)-

Answer 14

-exams w: no contrast- chest, KUB, regular x-rays
-urinary tract exams w: contrast- IVU
-biliary tract exams w: contrast- BE
-upper GI exams w: contrast- esophagus, stomach, & small bowel

Question 15

Sequencing of exams (multiple patients) (5)-

Answer 15

-emergency patients
-NPO pediatric & geriatric patients
-diabetic patients
-all other NPO patients
-all other patients

Question 16

3 types of pt. prep-

Answer 16

-dietary
-cathartics
-enemas

Question 17

Pt. prep diet-

Answer 17

-includes NPO or fasting
-water & clear liquids are acceptable

Question 18

Cathartics-

Answer 18

-med. term for laxatives
-main concern is dehydration bec makes you go to bathroom a lot

Question 19

Cathartics rule of thumb-

Answer 19

Drink 8 oz. of water every 2 hrs

Question 20

Rectal suppositories placement-

Answer 20

-2”-3” inside rectum
-pt. instructed to hold as long as they can

Question 21

Cleansing enemas solutions-

Answer 21

-saline
-mineral oil

Question 22

Cleansing enema positions-

Answer 22

-left-side position
-knee-chest position

Question 23

Enema til’ clear-

Answer 23

If put clear liquids into patient, solution must come back out clear

Question 24

Placement for cleansing enema-

Answer 24

Should be kept 18” above tabletop

Question 25

Dark red, tar-like substance in waste indicated-

Answer 25

Upper GI bleed

Question 26

Bright red substance in waste indicates-

Answer 26

Lower GI bleed (hemorrhoids)

Question 27

Cleansing enema low residual diets-

Answer 27

-no whole grain foods, fruits, or vegetables -something that’s not going to digest easily

Question 28

Esophagus preps.-

Answer 28

No prep

Question 29

UGI prep-

Answer 29

-NPO past midnight -NPO 8 hrs. before exam

Question 30

SBFT prep-

Answer 30

-low residual diet for 2 days before exam -NPO past midnight

Question 31

Colon prep-

Answer 31

Low residual diet for 2 days before exam -laxatives w: proper fluid intake -NPO past midnight -cleansing enema(s) before exam

Question 32

Reduce spasms of colon-

Answer 32

Cold water

Question 33

Height of bag for barium enema-

Answer 33

No higher than 30” above tabletop (creates too much pressure) & no lower than 18” (avg. is 24”)

Question 34

Barium enema tip insertion-

Answer 34

3”-4” superior & anterior to umbilicus

Question 35

Stoma-

Answer 35

Surgically created opening in body

Question 36

Ureterostomy-

Answer 36

Connecting ureter to outside of body

Question 37

Ileostomy-

Answer 37

Connecting ilium to outside of body

Question 38

Colostomy-

Answer 38

Portion of bowel removed/bypasses so bowel exits abdomen

Question 39

NG Tube purpose-

Answer 39

Remove fluid & air

Question 40

NG Tube types-

Answer 40

-levin (single lumen tube) -salem-sump (double lumen tube) -cantor -keofeed (feeding tube) -miller-abbott

Question 41

Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastronomy (PEG) Tube-

Answer 41

-placed directly from outside of abdomen directly into stomach -sometimes referred to as feeding tube

Question 42

Osmolality-

Answer 42

number of particles in solution

Question 43

4 char. that affect iodinated contrast-

Answer 43

ionic & Non-Ionic Molecule, Viscosity, & Toxicity

Question 44

Ionic molecules-

Answer 44

break into 2 parts when introduced into solution.

Question 45

Non-ionic molecules-

Answer 45

will remain whole in solution

Question 46

Viscosity-

Answer 46

measure of resistance of liquid to flow

Question 47

Adverse reactions-

Answer 47

-mild- (ex.- nausea/vomiting) itchy & rash (anaphylactic react.), warmth, pallor, & flushing -moderate- tachy-/bradycardia & hyper-/hypotension -severe (life threatening)- unresponsiveness, convulsions, & cardiac arrest

Question 48

Phlebitis-

Answer 48

inflammation of vein; can be caused by- injury, blood clot

Question 49

Urticaria-

Answer 49

Med. term for hives

Question 50

indicators of impaired kidney function (2)-

Answer 50

-B.U.N. -creatinine

Question 51

Normal BUN-

Answer 51

8-25

Question 52

Normal creatinine-

Answer 52

1.6-1.5

Question 53

Best measure of kidney function-

Answer 53

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

Question 54

Normal GFR rate-

Answer 54

90-120 mL/min (amt. of blood going through Glomerular)

Question 55

MRI-

Answer 55

-gadolinium based contrast agents -very similar to iodine, but properties of gad show up better

Question 56

Vascular ultrasound-

Answer 56

-agitated saline solution -aka- microbubble contrast media