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Positioning Spring 2015 > contrast media > Flashcards

contrast media Flashcards

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1
Q

subject contrast

A

the radiographic contrast caused by the difference in the composition of the patient’s body tissues

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2
Q

contrast media

A

diagnostic agents that are introduced into the body or injected into the vascular system, joints, and ducts to enhance subject contrast in anatomic areas where low subject contrast exists

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3
Q

types of contrast media

A
  1. radiolucent (negative) contrast agents
  2. radiopaque (positive) contrast agents
  3. specialty contrast agents
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4
Q
  1. radiolucent/negative contrast agents
A 
composed of elements with low atomic numbers 
administered as: 
gas or carbon dioxide 
produce areas of increased density 
appears black or dark on radiograph
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5
Q

what is the most common negative contrast agent

A

room air

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6
Q

double contrast agents

A

when a negative contrast agent is combined with a positive contrast agent

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7
Q

types of negative contrast agents

A

gas, CO2, air

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8
Q

negative contrast agents must NEVER…..

A

be injected intravenously

serious/ fatal consequences can occur

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9
Q
  1. positive/ radiopaque contrast agents
A

composed of elements with a high atomic number
appears bright on a radiograph
more absorption of xray beam

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10
Q

examples of positive contrast agents

A

barium

iodine

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11
Q

soft tissue atomic number

A

7.4

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12
Q

barium atomic number

A

56

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13
Q

iodine atomic number

A

53

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14
Q

gadolinium

A

a positive contrast agent used in MRI

atomic number of 64

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15
Q

barium sulfate

A

inert powder composed of crystals that are used for examination of digestive system

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16
Q

barium sulfate is combined with what to form barium sulfate

A

oxygen and sulfate

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17
Q

what is the chemical formula for barium sulfate

A

BaSO4

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18
Q

a mixture of barium sulfate and water forms a

A

colloidal suspension not a solution

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19
Q

Barium sulfate never dissolves in what

A

water

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20
Q

flocculation

A

when the powder has a tendency to clump and come out of its suspension when in the body

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21
Q

what is used to prevent flocculation

A

stabilizing agents

ex: sodium carbonate or sodium citrate

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22
Q

enternal

A

within, or by way of the intestine or gastrointestinal tract

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23
Q

intrathecal

A

introduced into or occurring in the space under the arachnoid membrane of the spinal cord of the brain
(into subarachnoid space)

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24
Q

contraindications of barium sulfate

A 
suspected perforation ( barium is not absorbed by body)
if barium enters peritoneal cavity may need to be surgically removed
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25
when patients have a history of suspected perforation, what should be used instead of barium sulfate
a water soluble iodine contrast agent | AKA gastrografin gastroview hypaque
26
Adverse reactions of barium sulfate
``` obstruction/constipation extravasation vaginal rupture hypervolemia allergic reactions sedated patients barium in appendix ```
27
obstruction/ constipation
pts. instructed to drink lots of water after barium sulfate barium residue in the colon can dry and cause pt. to become constipated bowel obstruction may occur if they don't drink enough water
28
extravasation
leakage from a vessel into the tissue happens if barium leaks from the GI tract into abdominal cavity can lead to peritonitis
29
what patients are at risk for extravasation
pts. with diverticulitis or ulcerative colitis
30
vaginal rupture
rare complication due to misplacement of catheter before lower GI exams. female pts. should be asked if they can feel the tip in their rectum.
31
hypervolemia
blood disorder consisting of an increase in the volume of circulating blood happens when water from the BE is shifted from colon into the circulatory system
32
what is added to barium sulfate to reduce the possibility of hypervolemia
table salt
33
allergic reactions
due to preservatives in the barium sulfate or latex in the BE catheter
34
sedated pts.
can cause aspiration because they are not conscious
35
barium in appendix
no directly related complications have resulted from this
36
iodinated contrast media are available as :
1. oil based | 2. water soluble
37
T or F | oil based contrast media is relatively limited in radiography
TRUE
38
what are oil based contrast media still possibly used for today?
lymphangiograms and bronchograms
39
oil based contrast media are not miscible with blood, therefore.....
should never be injected intravenously or interarterially
40
the fatty acid base of oil based contrast media are responsible for....
making the solution viscous and insoluble in water
41
T or F | oil based contrast media needs to be stored in a cool dark area
True
42
plastic syringes should not be used for injection of oil based contrast because
toxic substances from the plastic can dissolve into the media
43
MAIN disadvantage of oil based contrast media
they persist in the body because they are insoluble in water
44
adverse reactions of oil based contrast media
``` anaphylactoid (allergic like) reaction anaphylactic shock pooling of blood can cause shock, respiratory failure, death the more abrupt, the more severe ```
45
the most common cause of anaphylaxis are
medications, iodinated contrast agents, and insect venoms
46
water soluble contrast media
low toxicity | generally absorbed by the body and excreted wihtin 24 hours
47
2 types of water soluble contrast
1. ionic iodinated contrast media | 2. nonionic iodinated contrast media
48
ionic iodine contrast media
dissociate into 2 molecular particles in water or blood plasma one has a negative charge and the other a positive charge
49
ionic iodine contrast media molecule | ANION PART
starts with six carbon bonded hexagon called a benzene ring every other carbon site has an iodine atom which makes it triiodinated of the 3 remaining carbon sites, one has a negatively charged acid group the other 2 carbon sites are R2 and R3
50
purpose of R2 and R3
increase the solubility or excretion rate of the contrast by the body
51
ionic iodine contrast media molecule | CATION PART
salts once injected, the cation separtaes from the anion and creates 2 separate ions in teh blood the separtaion creates an increase in the blood plasma
52
osmolality
refers to the concentration or number of particles in the solution per kilogram of water and is directly related to the occurrence of adverse reactions
53
nonionic contrast media =
low osmolality
54
ionic contrast media =
high osmolality
55
True or False | ionic contrast agent may increase probability of a contrast media reaction
True
56
osmolality of blood plasma
300 osmol/kg
57
on average ionic iodinated contrast agents range from
1000 to 2400 osmol/kg | way higher than blood plasma
58
osmolality of nonionic iodinated contrast agents is around
750 osmol/kg | much closer to blood plasma
59
nonionic iodinated contrast media
developed to reduce the side effects of the ionic iodinated contrast media these molecules do not separate in the solution
60
nonionic iodinated contrast media molecule
tri iodinated benzene ring does NOT carry an acid group hydroxyl groups surround the benzene rings (increase the solubility of the media in blood plasma)
61
T or F | warming contrast media reduces viscosity making it thin
TRUE
62
allergic like effects of water soluble iodinated contrast media
urticaria (hives) wheeing and edema bronchospasm nausea/ vommiting
63
renal effects of water soluble iodinated contrast media
increased secretion of urine with dehydration | diminished blood supply to the kidneys
64
T or F | patients with elevated blood levels have a greater chance of experiencing an adverse contrast media
TRUE
65
normal cratinine levels for the adult are
0.6 to 1.5 mg/dl
66
BUN levels for an adult should range between
8 to 25 mg/100 mL

Positioning Spring 2015 (6 decks)

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