Control L8 forebrain

Question 1

Where is the outer brain derived from?

Answer 1

The telencephalon

Question 2

Where is the inner brain derived from?

Answer 2

Diencephalon

Question 3

Where did the forebrain derive from?

Answer 3

The prosencephalon

Question 4

What are the two part of the forebrain?

Answer 4

The telencephalon and diencephalon

Question 5

What is the primary role of the forebrain?

Answer 5

High level processing e.g. memory, cognition, learning, integration of different sensory modalities

Question 6

How many swellings of telencephalon are there in development? What are they called? What connects them?

Answer 6

2
Telencephalon vesicles
Connected by lamina terminalis

Question 7

How does the embryonic telencephalon move to form the shape of the brain?

Answer 7

The telencephalon folds down around the diencephalon

Question 8

What does the embryonic telencephalon become?

Answer 8

Cerebral hemispheres

Question 9

What does the embryonic lamina terminalis become?

Answer 9

The corpus callosum and anterior commissure

Question 10

How does the diencephalon develop?

Answer 10

appears as a swelling of the lateral aspect of the central canal. As it develops, the lumen of the central canal narrows and two pairs of swellings form - the thalamus dorsally and the hypothalamus ventrally. The narrowed central canal forms the 3rd ventricle

Question 11

What sulcus separates the hypothalamus and the thalamus?

Answer 11

Hypothalamic sulcus

Question 12

What shape is adopted by the telencephalon in development?

Answer 12

C shape

Question 13

Where is the inferior horn of the ventricles?

Answer 13

Temporal lobe

Question 14

In the coronal plane, at what level can the anterior and posterior horns of the ventricles be seen?

Answer 14

At the level of the occipital lobes

Question 15

What are the 4 divisions of the diencephalon?

Answer 15

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Subthalamus
Epithalamus

Question 16

Where does the diencephalon sit?

Answer 16

On top of/superior to the brainstem

Question 17

What is the role of the thalamus?

Answer 17

Relay information between parts of the CNS, motor and sensory processing

Question 18

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

Answer 18

Autonomic control (BP, sexual functions),homeostasis and endocrine functions

Question 19

What is the role of the subthalamus?

Answer 19

Functionally part of the basal nuclei/ganglia and involved in motor control

Question 20

Can the subthalamus be seen in a midsagittal section?

Answer 20

No

Question 21

What is the role of the epithalamus? What gland does this?

Answer 21

To secrete melatonin via the pineal gland

Question 22

What is the shape of the thalami? What matter is it formed of?

Answer 22

Egg shaped grey matter

Question 23

What ventricle is found between the thalami?

Answer 23

3rd ventricle

Question 24

What connects the two thalami?

Answer 24

Massa intermedia aka interthalamic adhesion

Question 25

What nuclei in the thalamus send fibres to the cerebral cortex?

Answer 25

Relay nuclei

Question 26

In what manner can information be sent to the cerebral hemisphere from the thalamus?

Answer 26

Directly to a defined area of diffusely to multiple areas

Question 27

What is the only sense which is not processed in the thalamus?

Answer 27

Olfaction aka smell

Question 28

What are the three nuclear groups in the thalamus?

Answer 28

Anterior nuclear group Medial nuclear group Lateral nuclear group

Question 29

Where does the anterior nuclear group communicate with?

Answer 29

The cingulate cortex

Question 30

Where does the medial nuclear group communicate with?

Answer 30

Prefrontal cortex

Question 31

How many subdivisions of the lateral nuclear group are there?

Answer 31

9

Question 32

What are the subdivisions of the lateral nuclear group?

Answer 32

VA VL VPL and VPM LD and LP Pulvinar MG LG

Question 33

Where does the VA of the lateral nuclear group communicate with?

Answer 33

Pre motor cortex

Question 34

Where does the VL of the lateral nuclear group communicate with?

Answer 34

Primary motor cortex

Question 35

Where does the VPL and VPM of the lateral nuclear group communicate with?

Answer 35

Somatosensory/primary sensory cortex

Question 36

Where does the MG of the lateral nuclear group communicate with?

Answer 36

Auditory cortex

Question 37

Where does the LG of the lateral nuclear group communicate with?

Answer 37

Visual cortex

Question 38

What lateral nuclear group does VPL stand for?

Answer 38

Ventral posterior lateral nuclei

Question 39

What lateral nuclear group does VPM stand for?

Answer 39

Ventral posterior medial nuclei

Question 40

What lateral nuclear group does LG stand for?

Answer 40

Lateral geniculate

Question 41

What lateral nuclear group does MG stand for?

Answer 41

Medial geniculate

Question 42

What are the borders of the hypothalamus?

Answer 42

Superiorly = thalamus separated by hypothalamic sulcus Anteriorly = anterior commissure and remnants of lamina terminalis Anterioventrally = optic chaism and pituitary stalk Inferiorly/caudally = mamillary bodies

Question 43

What is the central lobe on the medial surface, that is in the middle of the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes?

Answer 43

Limbic lobe

Question 44

What are some fucntions the limbic system/lobe involved in?

Answer 44

Memory and emotions

Question 45

What part of the brain does CN I develop from?

Answer 45

Telencephalon

Question 46

What are four main parts of the outer brain?

Answer 46

Cerebral cortex Corpus striatum Limbic structures Subcortical fibres

Question 47

What is the corpus striatum nicknamed?

Answer 47

Striped body

Question 48

What are the three structures of grey matter which comprise the corpus striatum?

Answer 48

Globus pallidus (internus and externus) Putamen Caudate nucleus

Question 49

What makes up the lentiform nucleus?

Answer 49

The globus pallidus and putamen

Question 50

What is the corpus striatum part of? And what is its role?

Answer 50

Basal nuclei/ganglia thus has a role in motor control

Question 51

What connects the putamen and caudate nucleus?

Answer 51

Cellular bridges of grey matter and white matter fibres

Question 52

Why is it named the corpus striatum?

Answer 52

As when a section is taken through it, it has a striated appearance

Question 53

What is the shape of the caudate nucleus?

Answer 53

C - shaped

Question 54

What parts is the caudate nucleus made up of?

Answer 54

A head, body and tail

Question 55

Where does the caudate nucleus sit?

Answer 55

Within the c of the lateral ventricles forming a wall between the anterior and inferior horns. The head and body of the caudate nucleus sit laterally to the anterior horn and the tail forms the roof of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle

Question 56

Where does the head of the caudate nucleus sit in comparison to the internal capsule as seen in a horizontal section?

Answer 56

Medially to the anterior limb

Question 57

What fibres separate the corpus straitum from the thalamus?

Answer 57

The white matter fibres of the internal capsule

Question 58

What are three major parts of the hemispheric limbic system?

Answer 58

Hippocampus Fornix Amygdala

Question 59

How does the hemispheric limbic system sit in comparison to the thalamus?

Answer 59

The hippocampus sits laterally to the thalami and the fimbria of the fornix carries white matter fibres from the hippocampus, arches over the thalami as the crus and body of the fornix to connect to the columns of the fornix forming the mamillary bodies medially to the two thalami

Question 60

What fibres are found in the fornix?

Answer 60

Efferent fibres of the hippocampus

Question 61

What boundary of the lateral ventricles is formed by the hippocampus?

Answer 61

The floor of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricles

Question 62

What are association fibres?

Answer 62

Fibres which interconnect areas within a hemisphere and adjacent gyri e.g. short association fibres between post and pre central gyrus and long association fibres between lobes of the same hemisphere

Question 63

What are commissural fibres?

Answer 63

Nerve fibres which interconnect areas between hemispheres e.g. great cerebral commissure aka corpus callosum and the anterior/rostral commissure

Question 64

What are the parts of the corpus collosum?

Answer 64

Rostrum, genu, body and splenium

Question 65

Where do the corpus collosum and anterior commissure originate from embryologically?

Answer 65

Telencephalon

Question 66

What are the three types of white matter subcortical fibres of the hemispheres?

Answer 66

Association fibres Commissural fibres Projection fibres

Question 67

What are examples of areas with commissural fibres?

Answer 67

Corpus callosum Anterior commissure Hippocampal commissure aka commissure of the fornix

Question 68

Where are projection fibres found? What is there function?

Answer 68

In the corona radiate and internal capsule Connect cerebrum with the rest of the CNS

Question 69

What is the relationship between the corona radiata and the internal capsule?

Answer 69

They are continuous with eachother

Question 70

Are projection fibres ascending, descending or both?

Answer 70

Both

Question 71

What is the course of the internal capsule?

Answer 71

Connects to the crus cerebri, anterior part of the pons and the medulla pyramids by travelling from the corona radiata between the head of caudate nucleus and lentiform nuclei.

Question 72

What are the parts of the internal capsule?

Answer 72

Anterior limb (between head of caudate and putamen) Genu of internal capsule Posterior limb (between thalamus and lentiform nucleus)