Control of Breathing and Acid Base

Question 1

Ventilation Rate is also termed

Answer 1

Control of Breathing

Question 2

What parts of the body controls the ventilation rate/output?

Answer 2

Hindbrain (Medulla oblongata and the Pons)

Question 3

The Higher brain centers in the brain controls….

Answer 3

Speech, Emotions, Voluntary, Breathing, Motor Breathing

Question 4

Reflex using stretch receptors that happens when we reach a certain point where this is negative feedback that inhibits further stretch. Reflex occurs in the lungs.

Answer 4

Hering-Breuer Reflex

Question 5

Where are proprioreceptors located?

Answer 5

Muscles and Joints

Question 6

What are proprioreceptors?

Answer 6

A sensory receptor, found chiefly in muscles, tendons, joints, and the inner ear, that detects the motion or position of the body or a limb by responding to stimuli arising within the organism.

Question 7

What stimuli receptors can cause a response for ventilation rate?

Answer 7

Pain
Touch
Temperature

Question 8

Where are medullary chemoreceptors located?

Answer 8

Medulla Oblongata

Question 9

These response directly to decreased pH, and indirectly by increased CO2 levels, and will cause what to occur?

Answer 9

Medullary Chemoreceptors; Increased Ventilation!

Question 10

These are peripherally controlled that directly respond to hypoxia and indirectly to decreased pH and increased CO2 to increase ventilation.

Answer 10

Carotid and Aortic Body Chemoreceptors

Question 11

The Aortic Body Chemoreceptors activate the _______ Nerve.

Answer 11

Vagus Nerve

Question 12

The Carotid Body Chemoreceptors activate the _________ Nerve.

Answer 12

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Question 13

What is the major response that allows for peripheral control of breathing?

Answer 13

Hypoxia (Decrease in PaO2)

Question 14

What are the minor responses by the chemosensors?

Answer 14

1. Increased PaCO2

2. Decreased pH

Question 15

After crossing the BBB, CO2 + H2O ______ ___ + ______

Answer 15

H2CO3

H+ and HCO3-

Question 16

Which is the important molecule in respiration that can cross the BBB?

Answer 16

CO2

Question 17

Which important molecules in respiration cannot cross the BBB?

Answer 17

Serum H+

HCO3-

Question 18

When CO2 interacts with water to create H+, what does it do?

Answer 18

Activate the H+ sensitive chemo receptors to activate the medullary respiration center to increase pulmonary ventilation to remove CO2 from the body.

Question 19

CSF response to a change in blood pH would be?

Answer 19

Slow

Question 20

CSF CO2 and H+ can do the same thing as?

Answer 20

CO2 crossing the BBB from the Capillaries

Question 21

H+ donor in aqueous solution

Answer 21

Acid

Question 22

OH- (or H+ acceptor) in aqueous solution

Answer 22

Base

Question 23

When the concentration of H+ and OH- are equal, the pH would be

Answer 23

7.0

Question 24

Normal Plasma pH is roughly

Answer 24

7.40

Question 25

Normal intracellular pH around

Answer 25

6.8 (but depends on type of cell)

Question 26

Concentration of _____ is tightly regulated

Answer 26

H+

Question 27

A solution containing substances which have the ability to minimize changes in pH when an acid or base is added to it.

Answer 27

Buffer

Question 28

Henderson Hasselbach Equation

Answer 28

[H+] = 24 * ( PCO2/[HCO3-]) EXTRACELLULAR H+ concentration and pH determined from this.

Question 29

Two sources of Acid

Answer 29

1. Respiratory Acid (CO2) | 2. Metabolic "fixed" acids from metabolism primarily protein (giving sulfate and phosphate), lactate, ketones, etc.

Question 30

How is acid excreted from the Body?

Answer 30

1. Lungs (CO2) | 2. Kidneys (modulate reabsorption of HCO3- and/or excretion of H+ as "fixed acids"

Question 31

The relationship between produced and excreted acid

Answer 31

EQUAL!

Question 32

What is the acute response (1st defense) to an acid/base disturbance?

Answer 32

Buffering by HCO3-

Question 33

What is the second line of defense in an acid/base disturbance?

Answer 33

Respiratory -- Adjusts PCO2 by alteration of ventilation. Usually occurs quickly.

Question 34

What is the third line of defense in an acid/base disturbance?

Answer 34

Renal -- Adjust HCO3- and H+ Excretion. Usually occurs very slowly!

Question 35

In compensation of Resp Alk and Acid, in addition to altering HCO3-,

Answer 35

it also has the same effect on excretion of H+

Question 36

When acidifying urine due to Resp Alk, what compounds will be in the urine?

Answer 36

NH4+ | H2PO4-

Question 37

Compensatory Mechanisms for Acidosis and Alkalosis will try to _________, but it never will do this completely.

Answer 37

Bring the pH back to 7.4

Question 38

Arterial blood pH < 7.35

Answer 38

Acidemia

Question 39

Arterial blood pH > 7.45

Answer 39

Alkalemia

Question 40

An abnormal process or condition which would lower arterial pH if there was no secondary changes in response to the primary cause.

Answer 40

Acidosis

Question 41

An abnormal process or condition which would raise arterial pH if there was no secondary changes in response to the primary cause.

Answer 41

Alkalosis

Question 42

Disorders in which there is a single primary etiological acid base disorder

Answer 42

Simple

Question 43

Disorders in which two or more primary etiological disorders are present simultaneously.

Answer 43

Mixed

Question 44

Metabolic Acidosis can be divided into two categories. What are they?

Answer 44

Anion Gap | Non-Anion Gap