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BACTE 1 > Control of Microorganism > Flashcards

Control of Microorganism Flashcards

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1
Q

introduced the concept of aseptic surgery using carbolic acid.

A

Joseph Lister

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2
Q

Complete destruction of all forms of life, including
bacterial spores

A

Sterilization

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3
Q

Sterilization can be achieved with the use of what?

A

High pressure, heat, and chemicals

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4
Q

A process that eliminates a defined scope of microorganisms, including some spores.

A

Disinfection

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5
Q

is sterilization selective or nonselective?

A

non selective

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6
Q

is disinfection selective or non selective?

A

selective

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7
Q

are chemical agents applied to inanimate objects.

A

Disinfectants

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8
Q

a substance applied to the skin for the purpose of eliminating or reducing the number of bacteria present. However, it does not kill spores.

A

antiseptic

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9
Q

Microorganisms living together in communities and
provides protection to the microorganisms against
chemical and physical means of destruction

A

Biofilm

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10
Q

Naked pieces of protein and thought to be the agents
that cause a number of degenerative diseases of the
nervous system

A

Prions

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11
Q

Prions can withstand high temperature. Give the value

A

More than 121 degrees Celsius

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12
Q

When an object or material is thought to be contaminated with a prion, special methods need to
be taken to destroy the agent. Simple disinfection or
sterilization may not be sufficient. True or False?

A

True

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13
Q

Enumerate the different types of organisms according to most resistant to least resistant.

A

Prions - Bacterial spores - mycobacteria - nonlipid viruses - fungi - bacteria - lipid viruses

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14
Q

The total number of organisms present.

A

Microbial load

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15
Q

Composed of organisms with differing degrees of
susceptibility to killing agents, all the organisms
die at the same time. True or false?

A

False - not all organisms die at the same time.

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16
Q

If the number of organisms is plotted against the
time they are exposed to the killing agent
(exposure time) logarithmically, the result is a
straight line. The straight line is called?

A

The death curve

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17
Q

Higher numbers of organisms require longer or shorter exposure times?

A

Longer exposure times

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18
Q

what disinfectant may actually allow microorganism to survive because it is not enough to kill microorganism?

A

Povidone-iodine

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19
Q

what organic material affects the killing activity by inactivating disinfecting agent?

A

blood, mucus, and pus

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20
Q

Alcohol and iodine preparations (e.g., Betadine) must be
in contact with an object for at least?

A

1-2 minutes

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21
Q

What is the temperature of disinfectants?

A

20 - 22 degrees Celsius

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22
Q

Considered a community of bacteria or other
microorganisms.

A

Biofilms

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23
Q

What place in the hospital is where biofilms commonly seen?

A

Catheters

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24
Q

What materials that invade sterile tissues or enter the vascular system. These materials are most likely to produce infection if contaminated, and they require sterilization.

A

Critical materials

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25
before they come contact they require high level of disinfection agents
semi critical materials
26
require intermediate-level to low-level disinfection before contact with intact skin
non critical materials
27
the most common method used for elimination of microorganisms
heat
28
it is the agent used in autoclaves
moist heat
29
give the values of autoclaves
121 degrees , 15 minutes at 15 PSI
30
It requires much longer exposure times and higher temperatures than moist heat.
Dry heat
31
This method may be used for heat-stable substances that are not penetrated by moist heat, such as oils.
Dry heat
32
commonly used physical methods to sterile glassware
dry heat
33
Methods that achieve disinfection but not sterilization; these
boiling and pasteurization
34
what is the temperature of boiling and pasteurization
72 degrees or 121 F for 15 seconds
35
physical method that May be used with both liquid and air
Filtration
36
filtration is accomplished by
HEPA or High efficiency particulate air
37
Identify the physical method Short wavelength and high energy - For the sterilization of disposable supplies such as syringes, catheters, and gloves
Ionizing radiation
38
Identify the physical method - Long wavelength and low energy - it damages DNA by forming _ and _ - usefulness is limited
non ionizing wavelength
39
One of the most important contributions by microbiologists to the general welfare of the worldwide population
Germ theory of disease
40
Two most effective alcohols used in hospitals for disinfection purposes are?
Ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol
41
Alcohols are not sporicidal solutions, alcohol may actually be contaminated with spores. True or false?
True
42
use as disinfectant of biosafety hoods?
formaldehyde
43
what disease has been known to survive for many years in tissue fixed in formaldehyde?
tuberculosis
44
Saturated five-carbon dialdehyde that has broad-spectrum activity and rapid killing action and remains active in the presence of organic matter
Glutaraldehyde
45
Extremely susceptible to pH changes and is active only in an alkaline environment. Formaldehyde or Glutaraldehyde?
Glutaraldehyde
46
are alcohol and iodine solutions, used mainly as antiseptics
Tincture
47
is a combination of iodine and a neutral polymer carrier that increases the solubility of the agent. This combination allows the slow release of iodine.
Iodophor
48
Commonly used as skin preparation agents for sites where blood is to be drawn for blood cultures.
Iodophors
49
Some of the oldest and most commonly used disinfectants.
chlorine compounds
50
It has been used for more than 30 years in hospital settings.
Chlorhexidine gluconate
51
Chlorhexidine gluconate is more effective in what gram stain?
gram positive
52
Primarily effective against gram-positive bacteria.
Hexachlorophene
53
it has good activity against gram-positive bacteria, but it is less active against gram-negative bacteria, M. tuberculosis, fungi, and viruses
chloroxylenol
54
A diphenyl ether that disrupts the cell wall
Triclosan
55
triclosan has fair activity against ____ and poor activity against ____
M. tuberculosis; Fungi
56
it is rarely used in clinical application
heavy metals
57
first solid surface that get the approval of EPA to be considered antimicrobial for health care use
Copper and copper alloys
58
gas most commonly used for sterilization
ethylene oxide
59
what relative humidity is use in ethylene oxide in order to kill spores?
30%
60
Primarily used as a sterilant in the pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturing industries.
Hydrogen peroxide
61
hydrogen peroxide is active against?
bacterial endospores and fungal spore
62
The main goal of handwashing is to eliminate
transient biota
63
used to stop the spread of infectious agents that may be transmitted through direct or indirect contact with the patient or with the patient’s environment.
Contact precautions
64
used to stop the spread of infectious agents that can be transmitted by close respiratory contact or by exposure of mucous membranes to respiratory secretions
Droplet precaution
65
These precautions are used for infectious agents, such as M. tuberculosis, varicella virus, and rubeola virus, that can remain airborne and infectious over long distances
Airborne precautions
66
is an important part of every microbiology laboratory safety program
Biological risk assessment
67
has long been known to cause tuberculosis in laboratory workers exposed to aerosols created in processing sputum samples
M. Tuberculosis
68
other infectious agents that can be transmitted through inhalation of an aerosol created during the processing or handling of specimens (e.g., blood that may harbor these organisms) or cultures of the organism
Brucella spp. and Francisella tularensis
69
the most infectious fungus, can infect several people in a room if culture plates on which the organism is growing are not sealed with tape or are open in the absence of a biosafety hood
coccidiodes immitis
70
A common practice is to perform all specimen processing in a because of the uncertainty regarding the infectious agents that might be present in the sample.
biosafety cabinet
71
what class of BSC uses an exhaust fan to move air inward through open front?
Class I
72
what class is the most common in microbiology lab where air is pulled inward and downward by a blower and passed up through the air flow plenum
Class II
73
what class is a self contained ventilated system for highly infectious microorganism or materials
Class III
74
what biosafety level where infectious agents are classified that are not known to cause disease and pose minimal threat to lab personnel and environment?
biosafety level I
75
Bacillus subtilis , Naegleria gruberi and Enterobacter aerogenes. What biosafety level?
biosafety level I
76
what biosafety level where infectious agent that poses a moderate potential hazard?
biosafety level II
77
HBV, HIV, Salmonella spp., and Toxoplasma gondii) What biosafety level?
biosafety level II
78
what biosafety level where Infectious agents that are either indigenous or exotic. These agents have the potential for aerosol transmission, and diseases with these agents may have serious lethal consequences. Laboratory personnel must have specific training in handling these pathogenic and potentially lethal organisms.
Biosafety level III
79
M. tuberculosis, St. Louis encephalitis virus, and Coxiella burnetii. What biosafety level?
biosafety level III
80
what biosafety level where infectious agents that are dangerous and exotic. These agents have a high risk of causing life-threatening infections, can be transmitted by aerosols, or have an unknown risk of transmission?
biosafety level IV
81
Marburg virus and Congo-Crimean hemorrhagic fever viruses. What biosafety level?
Biosafety level IV
82
are provided by the manufacturer or distributor for hazardous chemicals.
SDS ( safety data sheet )
83
chemical should be stored alphabetically. True or False?
False - it must be stored according to establish rules of compatibility
84
must not be stored with carbon dioxide, chlorinated hydrocarbons, or water.
Alkali metals
85
must never be stored together
acids and bases
86
should never be stored with oxidizing agents.
acetic acid and sulfuric acid
87
are incompatible with ammonia, acetylene, and hydrocarbons
Halogen
88
are one of the most important pieces of equipment for the protection of workers from exposure to hazardous chemicals
Laboratory fume hoods
89
are among the biggest sources of fire hazards in the clinical microbiology laboratory
bunsen burners and open flame burner
90
Agents pose the greatest public health threat because they are easily transmitted and are highly infectious
Category A
91
Agents have moderate morbidity and low mortality and are not as easily transmitted as category A agents
Category B
92
Agents are classified as emerging pathogens
Category C

BACTE 1 (6 decks)

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