control of respiration

Question 1

Respiration is under automatic control via centers in the ______ and under voluntary control via the _________

Answer 1

Respiration is under automatic control via centers in the medulla and under voluntary control via the cerebral cortex

Question 2

DRG contains primarily

Answer 2

inspiratory neurons

Question 3

ramp signal

Answer 3

initial weak AP but gradually increases in amplitude every 6 sec

Question 4

neurons to the DRG connect to

Answer 4

inspiratory muscles by the phrenic nerve and the external intercostal by thoracic spinal nerve

Question 5

DRG receive input from

Answer 5

peripheral cardiopulmonary sensorts

Question 6

Botzinger complex actas as a _____ and it is found

Answer 6

acts as a pacemaker (generated respiratory rhythm) and it is located in the upper part of the VRG

Question 7

lower part of VRG contains both

Answer 7

inspiratory and expiratory neurons

Question 8

VRG increase the diameted of ______ during inspiration

Answer 8

upper airways

Question 9

caudal region of the VRG sends output of the

Answer 9

expiratory muscles (internal intercostals and abdomonal muscles)

Question 10

how long is resting breathing

Answer 10

around 3 sec

Question 11

when are expiraotyr neurons in the VRG are needed

Answer 11

during exercise

Question 12

the inspiratory and expiratory neurons in the medulla exhibit

Answer 12

reciprocal inhibition

Question 13

The apneustic center, located in the_______ just above the medulla, may exhibit an ______ affect on the DRG and VRG and prolong the ramp action potentials.

Answer 13

The apneustic center, located in the lower pons just above the medulla, may exhibit an excitatory affect on the DRG and VRG and prolong the ramp action potentials.

Question 14

pneumotaxic center is located in the _____ and appears to

Answer 14

located in the upper pons and appears to “switch-off” inspiration and thus may regulate inspiratory volume

Question 15

can cortical centers override functions?

Answer 15

yep, it can control breathing

Question 16

carotid and aortic bodies respond to changes in

Answer 16

PaO2, PaCO2 and pH

chemoreceptors

Question 17

how to the signals from carotid an aortic bodies sreach the DRG

Answer 17

nerves IX and X

Question 18

Glomus cells are

Answer 18

chemosensors

Question 19

which body is more sensitive to hypoxia

Answer 19

carotid more than the aortic

Question 20

Higher PaCO2 actually depresses ventilation and leads to CO2 narcosis.

Answer 20

true

Question 21

will a decrease in PaO2 results in a more sensitive response of chemosensors when combined with a rise in PaCO2

Answer 21

yepppppp, it would lead to a greater stimulation to ventilation

Question 22

The response of chemo-receptors to both increased PaCO2 and decreased PaO2 is enhanced at ______ pH.

Answer 22

lower

Question 23

central chemoreceptors are located ________ and provide sensory input to the _____

Answer 23

located in the medulla and provide sensory input to the DRG

Question 24

dentral chemoreceptors are stimulated by changes in the

Answer 24

pH of the CSF

Question 25

how does H+ diffuse through blood-brain barrier

Answer 25

as CO2

Question 26

Hering-Breuer reflex

Answer 26

overinflation of the lung sends signals via the vagus nerve to the pneumotaxic center to terminate inspiration

Question 27

slowly adapting stretch receptors

Answer 27

mechanoreceptos located within the tracheobronchial tree that fire when the lung volume increases

Question 28

apneustic breathing

Answer 28

deep and prolonged inspiration

Question 29

rapidly adapting stretch receptor occur in the

Answer 29

upper airways

Question 30

sneeze reflex receptors located in the ______ and respond to

Answer 30

nasal mucosa and pharynx and respond to distension of the tissue and irritation

Question 31

cough receptors located in

Answer 31

larynx, trachea and bronchi

Question 32

sneeze and cough are caused by

Answer 32

irritants

Question 33

irritant receptors ______ respiratory centers to augment respiratory activity and to _____ airways to promote ________ breathing to limit penetration of the noxious agents.

Answer 33

irritant receptors stimulate respiratory centers to augment respiratory activity and to constrict airways to promote rapid, shallow breathing to limit penetration of the noxious agents.

Question 34

J receptors respond to

Answer 34

J receptors respond to interstitial edema and engorgement of pulmonary capillaries.

Question 35

when J receptors are stimulated the y

Answer 35

mediate closure of the larynx and tachypnea in response to pulm. embolism

Question 36

chest wall mechanoreceptors detect

Answer 36

impediments to breathing and stimulate inspiratory activity

Question 37

input from the cortex are absolute when it comes to breathing

Answer 37

nope; ventilatory drive from chemoreceptors are too strong