Control + Punishment Flashcards by Isabella Coxey

Control + Punishment - Realism + Crime Prevention - Situational (Right) - Clarke + Felson

• Reduces opportunity for crime
• Clarke –> prevention should be directed at specific crimes
- increase risk reduces opportunity (Rational Choice Theory + Target Hardening - CCTV)
• Example - Port Authority Bus Terminal –> Felson
- Poorly designed for crime prevention so redesigned - sinks shrunk to prevent homelessness

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Control + Punishment - Realism + Crime Prevention - Situational - Evaluation

• Target Hardening (CCTV) doesn’t reduce crime it displaces it
- criminals move to area with more opportunity
- displacement takes several forms: Spatial (criminal moves), Temporal (commit at different times)
• Marxists –> focuses on petty crimes

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Control + Punishment - Realism + Crime Prevention - Environmental (Right) - Wilson + Kelling - Broken Windows + Zero Tolerance

• Broken Windows
- leaving broken windows (graffiti, noise) unrepaired sends message no one cares
- absence of formal + informal comminty control
- police only concerned with serious crime
• Zero Tolerance Approach
- disorder + absence of control = crime
- crackdown on minor crime
• Example - NYC Clean Car Project –> cars taken of road if have graffiti

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Control + Punishment - Realism + Crime Prevention - Environmental - Zero Tolerance - Evaluation

• Zero tolerance leads to displacement
• Marxists –> causes tension between police + public = Deviance amplification - too occupied with street crime

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Control + Punishment - Realism + Crime Prevention - Social + Community (Left)

• Emphasis on potential offender
• Aim to remove conditions predisposing individual to crime
• Long-Term strategies –> attempt to tackle root cause (poverty)
• Example - Perry Pre-School Project
- reducing criminality for disadvantaged black children
- 3-4 year olds offered 2 year intellectual enrichment
- progress: sig difference with control group, by 40 - less arrests

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Control + Punishment - Realism + Crime Prevention - Social + Community - Evaluation

• Only focuses on low level crime–> disregards powerful
• Relflects politicians priority –> vehicle crime + burglary
• Polices aren’t long term.–> Sure Start lost funding
• Marxists –> too focused on street crime

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Control + Punishment - Surveillance - Postmodern - Foucault - Sovereign Power

• 2 forms of surveillance:
- Sovereign Power –> 19th Century
• Anyone breaking rules are breaking gods law
• punishment on body
• Crowd watches - producing control + preventing crime

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Control + Punishment - Surveillance - Postmodern - Foucault - Disciplinary Power

• Disciplinary Power –> After 19th century
- Behaviourism –> control body to control mind
- criminals must be broken down into docile (passive + obedient) subjects

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Control + Punishment - Surveillance - Postmodern - Bentham Et Al - Panopticon

• Building in centre of prison with guard inside
• Guard can see every cell - prisoners can’t see guard
• Prisoners don’t know if they are being watched or not- discipline themselves

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Control + Punishment - Surveillance - Criticisms of Foucault

• Goffman –> Some inmates resist prison control- isn’t as effective
• Norris –> panopticons don’t reduce crime
- CCTV displaces crime
• Gill + Loveday –> CCTV Isn’t effective - criminals don’t care if being watched

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Control + Punishment - Surveillance since Foucault - Synoptic Surveillance - Mathiesen

• Not just powerful watching weak, weak watch powerful
• Not just panopticon but synopticon
- everyone watches everyone
• Examples:
- Thompson–> politicians fear media exposure
- Mann –> sousveillance - weak film powerful wrongdoing

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Control + Punishment - Surveillance since Foucault - Surveillant Assmeblages - Haggerty + Ericson

• Surveillance technologies now involve manipulating virtual objects in cyberspace rather than physical bodies on earth
• Surveillance tended to be stand alone/unable to communicate
- CCTV Footage can be analysed using facial recognition

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Control + Punishment - Surveillance since Foucault - Actuatial Justice + Risk Management - Feeley + Simon

• Use actuarial analysis - calculate stat risk of particular event happening
• e.g Airport security screening checks based on known offenders risk factors

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Control + Punishment - Surveillance since Foucault - Labelling - Ditton

• One major city centre CCTV programme can zoom in on vehicle + see if tax is expired
- found disproportionate targeting of young black males for no reason
• Judgement based on typifications = SFP + crime

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Control + Punishment - Punishment + Reduction - Methods

• Many believe Punishment is best detterent for crime
• 2 justifications for Punishment: Reduction + Retribution (must pay back)
• Recution –> aims to punish to prevent future crime
- instrumental justification - serves a purpose
• 3 Main methods:
- Detterance –> Punishing discourages future offending
- Rehabilitation –> change offender so don’t reoffend
- Incapacitating–> remove ability to offend (sterilisation)

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Control + Punishment - Punishment + Retribution

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• Offender deserves to be punished
• Soc seek revenge when they break moral code
• Expressive justification–> emotional motivation
• Example: death penalty, life in prison

Control + Punishment - Punishment - Sociological Perspectives - Functionalism - Durkheim

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• Punishent functions to uphold social solidarity + reinforce shared values
• Expressive –> emotions of outrage of offence, shared values reaffirmed

Control + Punishment - Punishment - Sociological Perspectives - Functionalism - Durkheim - Types of Justice + Evaluation

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• Retributive –> Traditional soc less diverse
- social solidarity + collective conscious is strong, severe + cruel Punishment, expressive motivation
• Restitutive –> Modern soc
- Weaker social solidarity = unclear collective conscious, crime damaged interdependence- aims to restore equilibrium
• Evaluation –> Historically inaccurate- traditional soc often had restitutive

Control + Punishment - Punishment - Sociological Perspectives - Marxism

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• Punishment maintains rc dominance
• It’s part if RSA + reflects base of soc
• Rusche + Kirchheimer –> No money fines in economy with no money - imprisonment dominant under capitalism
• Melossi + Pavarini –> Imprisonment reflects capitalism focus on money
- puts price on workers time, prisoners do time to pay for crime, loose ability to make money = ultimate punishment

Control + Punishment - Punishment - Sociological Perspectives - Marxist Evaluation

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• Not every Punishment can be directly related back to economic structure
- convict meets victims family

Control + Punishment - Imprisonment Today - Are prisons effective

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• Imprisonment is most severe punishment
- 2/3 offendera reoffend on release
- expensive way to make bad people worse
• Overcrowded prisons
- poor sanitation, food, clothing shortages, lack opportunities (Carrabine)
• 2016 - UK had 3rd highest Imprisonment
1st Russia 670k
2nd Turkey 150k
3rd UK 95K

Control + Punishment - Imprisonment Today - An Era of Mass Incarceration - Garland

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• US prison population increased since 70s
- 1972 = 200k
- 2001 = 1.5 mil
• Is systematic imprisonment of whole groups of population
- UK - 32% Black, 16% Asian

Control + Punishment - Imprisonment Today - Evaluation - Downes + Simon

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• Downes –> Mass imprisonment is Ideological
- US prisons take 30-40% of unemployed
- Makes unemployment stats lower than truth + capitalism looks successful
• Simon
- Prison used in US’ war on drugs
- Due to widespread drug use, creates limitless supply of arrestable offences

Control + Punishment - Imprisonment Today - Transcarceration

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• Indiv gets locking into cycle of control
- Brought up in care - young offenders insti - adult prison - psyc hospital
• Blurring role of state agencies
- health, housing + Social services have crime control role
- regularly engage with police + share data

**Control + Punishment** - Imprisonment Today - Alternatives to Prison - Young Offender - Cohen

• Diversion of young offenders - move young people away from criminal justice system to avoid SFP • Cohen - Community controls cast a net of control over more people - Divert young offenders to commit crime - Community sentences are fast track to prison

**Control + Punishment** - Victims - Positivist Victimology - Miers

• Miers - 3 features: - Identify factors producing patterns in Victimisation - Focus on interpersonal violent crime - Identity victims contribution to own Victimisation • Victim pronenes --> identifying social + physiological characteristics of victims

**Control + Punishment** - Victims - Positivist Victimology - Characterists - Hans Von Hentig

• Hans Von Hentig --> Identified 13 characteristics of victims: female, elderly, mentally normal - invite Victimisation for being who they are • Wolfgang --> studies 588 homicides - 26% involved in victim precipitation (victim triggering events)

**Control + Punishment** - Victim - Positivist Victimology Evaluation - Brookman

• Wolfgang shows the importance of Victim- offender relationship • Ignores wider structural factors (poverty, patriarchy) • Can turn into Victim blaming - Amir --> 1/5 rape victims are precipitated (caused it)

**Control + Punishment** - Victim - Critical Victimology

• 2 elements - structural factors --> patriarchy + poverty • place powerless groups at greater risk • Mawby + Walklate --> Victimisation is a form of structural powerlessness - states power to apply/deny victim label = social Construct • Tombs + Whyte --> safety crime (injury at work) explained ad fault of accident prone workers - hides rc crime

**Control + Punishment** - Victim - Critical Victimology - Evaluation

• Disregards role victims play in bringing Victimisation on themselves • Draws attention to way victims status is constructed by power

**Control + Punishment** - Victim - Patterns of Victimisation - Class - Newburn + Rock

• Poorest more likely to be victimised • Crime rates highest in unemployed + deprived areas • Marginalised groups are 12x more likely to have experienced violence

**Control + Punishment** - Victim - Patterns of Victimisation - Age

• Younger more at risk • Most at risk of murder = under 1 • Teenagers more vulnerable to assault, sexual harassment • Old risk of abuse (care homes)

**Control + Punishment** - Victim - Patterns of Victimisation - Ethnicity

• Minority ethnicities at greater risk • More likely to report feeling under-protected by over-controlled

**Control + Punishment** - Victim - Patterns of Victimisation - Gender

• Males higher risk of violent attacks • 70% of homicide victims are male • Women have higher risk of DV, stalking, Sexual violence + assault

**Control + Punishment** - Victim - Patterns of Victimisation - Repeat Victimisation

• Victim once more likely to be agaib • 60% not victims, 4% victims of 44% of crime

**Control + Punishment** - Victim - Impact of Victimisation

• Physical + emotional implications - disrupts sleep, feeling helpless • Creates indirect victims--> Family, friends, witnesses - Pynoos --> child witness sniper attack have grief-related dreams + altered beh • Secondary Victimisation--> suffer Victimisation of criminal justice system - rape victims poorly treated

Control + Punishment Flashcards

(36 cards)