Globalisation + Crime

Question 1

Globalisation - Held et al + Castells

Answer 1

• Held –> has led to crime occurring across borders + brought new ways of commiting crime
• Castells –> global crime economy is worth over 1 tril/Year

Question 2

Globalisation - Why has global crime increased?

Answer 2

• New opportunities –> Improved communication/better transport opened up new sources
• New Means of Commiting old crimes –> Improved communication/transport/technology opened up new ways to: traffic humans, smuggle illegal immigrants
• New Offences –> Cyber + Green crime

Question 3

Globalisation - Has it caused crime to increase?

Answer 3

• New Technology –> Internet facilitate fev of new crimes + improve efficiency of old crimes
• Better Transport –> Interconnectivity opens up sources of goods + people
• New Interconnectedness –> enables more gangs to operate efficiently
• More Media –> increases sense of relative dep + Marginalisation

Question 4

Globalisation - Global Risk Consciousness

Answer 4

• Risk consciousness = insecurities about global crime
- Risk seen everywhere
- Risk + knowledge of global crime produced + amplified by media
• Caused intensification of social control popular - Trump –> Kids In Cages

Question 5

Globalisation - Marxists - Taylor

Answer 5

• Crime is criminogenic –> occurs on both ends of class spectrum
• Globalisation + WC Crime –>
- exporting manufacturing jobs to low wage countries = unemployment + poverty
- marketisation promotes consumer - undermines social cohesion = crime
• Globalisation + MC Crime –>
- increased opportunity for tax evasion + EU gave opportunity for fraudulent subsidies claims = demand for flexible work + illegal employment

Question 6

Globalisation - Marxism - McMafia - Glenny

Answer 6

• Has increased international crime gangs
- helped create conditions to thrive
• Glenny –> Caused risk of global organised crime networks - McMafia
- Activities include: people trafficking, drug trafficking + sex tourism

Question 7

Globalisation - Marxist - McMafia - Why has international crime increased

Answer 7

• International criminal networks links to inequality between countries
- poorer dev countries supply rich demand
• Capitalism is to blame- causes greed –> criminogenic
- greed is global = crime is global
- no desire to tackle global crime networks - links to big businesses

Question 8

Globalisation - Marxists - Patterns of Global Crime

Answer 8

• Rich West = consumers
- demand drugs + sex workers
• Poorer dev countries produce raw materials
• Dev countries act as processing stage - 20% of pop in Colombia depend on cocaine trade to live

Question 9

Globalisation - Marxist - Patterns of Global Crime - Inequality + Organisations - Glenny and Hobbes + Dunningham

Answer 9

• Global Crime + Inequality - Glenny –> Patterns of Global organised crime relate to Patterns of inequality
- rich West provides demand + ensure poorer/dev countries become suppliers + processors
• Global Organisations - Hobbes + Dunningham –> Most Global crime is locally based with Global connections
- Example: Drug dealers in Russia import cocaine from Colombia to sustain us marker
- producers, users + dealers operate locally but has Global impact

Question 10

Globalisation - Marxist - Global Multinationals

Answer 10

• Global corporates also criminal - led to expansion of corporate crime
- Tax evasion: Amazon, Starbucks
- Green Crime: Bphal Disaster
• Overlap between legitimate + illegitimate Global companies
- McMafia launder through legal banks

Question 11

Globalisation - Green Crime - Beck

Answer 11

Green/Env Crime = Crimes against env
• Becky–> Global Risk Soc
- world has 1 ecosystem, Crime in 1 country impacts others
• M J Lynch –> Green Criminology

Question 12

Globalisation - Green Crime + Sociological Perspectives - Situ + Emmons

Answer 12

• Traditional Criminology
- Situ + Emmons –> Not concerned with green crimes coz not clearly defined by law
• Green Criminology - M J Lynch
- Harm –> As a legal concept - can investigate
- Zemiology–> Expands boundaries of traditional crime to look at all forms of crime

Question 13

Globalisation - Green Crime - Types

Answer 13

• Primary - crime committed = air pollution
- criminals = gov, business
- Walters –> 2x more people die from breathing problems than 20 years ago

• Secondary - Crime occurs due to trying to prevent env disasters
- gov breaks own reg = env harm
- South –> State violence against oppositional groups condemn terrorism but prepared to report to similar methods themselves (French Secret Service blew up Green Peace Ship)

Question 14

Globalisation - Green Crime - Evaluation - Taylor

Answer 14

• Marxists - Taylor –> Capitalism is criminogenic
- Globalisation allows capitalism to expand scale of crimes
• Traditional Sociology –> hard to define boundaries of green crime (no legal definition)

Question 15

Globalisation - State Crime - Define - Green + Ward

Answer 15

• Illegal/deviant activities perpretated by state agencies
• Includes: genocide, war crimes, torture, assassination

Question 16

Globalisation - State Crime - 4 Categories - McLaughlin

Answer 16

• Political Crime –>
- when gov agencies break law in interest of gov political system
- bribery/treason/threat
• Crimes by security + police–>
- when security break law/cause harm on behalf of gov
- Genocide/torture
- Cambodia - Killing Fields –> Khmer Rouge killed thousands: mums, kids
- Guantanama Bay–> Torture camps
• Economic Crimes –>
- gov acts in economic interest of people
- Kleptocracy - gov seek to exploit
• Social + Cultural Crimes –>
- gov target sections of population
- Holocaust

Question 17

Globalisation - State Crime - Problems Defining it - Describing on breadth of crime

Answer 17

• Described on breadth of crime –>
- Power state have allows them to cause harm on large scale
- Green + Ward - 262 mil people murdered by gov
- Large scale crimes can be hard to keep track of all harmed + who is responsible

Question 18

Globalisation - State Crime - Problems Defining it - State Crime is defined by State Laws - Chambliss

Answer 18

• Decides what’s legal and illegal
• Chambliss –> Gov rub by bourg - won’t criminalise own actions

Question 19

Globalisation - State Crime - Problems Defining it - Defined against international Laws

Answer 19

• State Crime is that breaks international laws
• Pros: Creates broader definition to make state accountable
• Cons: Not every state recognises international laws, international bodies powerless to enforce laws

Question 20

Globalisation - State Crime - Problems Defining it - Defined Against Human Rights - Schwendinger + Schwendinger

Answer 20

• Define crime on violation of human rights rather than breaking laws
• Pros: Broader definition
• Cons: Not every country recognises human rights/ have same definitions

Question 21

Globalisation - State Crime - Problems Defining it - Zemiological Definition

Answer 21

• Neo-Marxists–> defined by harm
• Focuses on harm done by activities regardless of whether that are illegal
• Pros: Very broad - covers demographic + totalitarian crimes
• Cons: Hard to define + measure harm

Question 22

Globalisation - State Crime + Globalisation

Answer 22

• More communication + exchange between states so opportunity for state crime increases
• More info (media) means more aware of state crime- appears on increase
• State + Corporations act In conjunction to commit crimes (Kramer + Micalowski)
- State Initiated –> Corporations working for gov break rules under gov direction
- State Facilitated –> state fails to regulate corporate beh
• Difficult to police
- International police have no power, countries don’t cooperate