control, punishment, and victims

Question 1

Clarke

Answer 1

situational crime prevention = a theory based on rational choice that involves altering the immediate environment and increases the effort of crime

example - target hardening measures, such as locking windows, increasing the effort a burglar has to put in to commit crime as a deterrent

Question 2

Felson

Answer 2

study found NYC bus terminals were a hot spot for crime - ‘designing out crime’ (i.e., replacing sink basins with much smaller sinks) prevented crime (i.e., like the homeless can’t bathe in them)

Question 3

Chaiken et al

Answer 3

situational prevention measures don’t reduce crime, they simply displace it

Question 4

5 types of displacement

Answer 4

• spatial = committing crime somewhere else
• temporal = committing crime at a different time
• target = choosing a different victim
• tactical = using a different method
• functional = committing a different crime

Question 5

AO3 of situational crime prevention

Answer 5

• focus on opportunistic petty street crime
• assumes criminals make rational decisions, excluding violent crimes
• ignores root causes of crime like poverty

Question 6

environmental crime prevention - (RR) broken windows theory

Answer 6

wilson and kelling - leaving crime unresolved sends out the signal that nobody cares and invites more crime into the area

Question 7

environmental crime prevention - (RR) zero tolerance policing

Answer 7

crime is addressed immediately, no matter its seriousness

Question 8

(RR) evidence of ztp success

Answer 8

NYC cleaned cars with graffiti on, which lowered the amount of graffiti on the subway

Question 9

AO3 of ZTP success

Answer 9

• even in places without ZTP, crime was declining
• there was a decline in drug dealing due to a cocaine shortage, not ZTP methods

Question 10

social and community crime prevention

Answer 10

emphasis is placed on the potential offender and their social context, aiming to remove the conditions that predispose their crime in the first place (i.e., poverty, instead of just removing opportunities for crime)

Question 11

social and community crime prevention

Answer 11

a project for disadvantaged, black, 3-4-year-olds

2 year intellectual enrichment programme

longitudinal study that followed their progress, showing them leading to less arrests or unemployment than the control

Question 12

AO3 of situational / environmental / social and community crime prevention

Answer 12

• take for granted the definition of crime
• focus on low-level crime

Question 13

Foucault

Answer 13

• 2 forms of punishment = sovereign power and disciplinary power
• The Panopticon is a prison designed to promote self-discipline as the prisoners don’t know if they’re being watched or not
• the dispersal of discipline = all institutions, not just prisons, survey us

Question 14

sovereign power

Answer 14

power of the monarch

Question 15

disciplinary power

Answer 15

surveillance controlling the mind and the body

Question 16

AO3 of Foucault

Answer 16

• CCTV had little impact on crime
• feminists = CCTV is an extension of the male gaze
• Gill and Loveday - CCTV doesn’t diminish crime, but it does assure the public that they are safe

Question 17

synoptic surveillance

Answer 17

in late modern society, everybody watches everybody and people monitor and expose each other

Question 18

surveillant assemblages

Answer 18

digital data is manipulated in cyber space - CCTV can be analysed by facial recognition software

detailed surveillance can take place beyond a prison

Question 19

Feeley and Simson

Answer 19

there’s a new technology of power within the justice system

1. focuses on groups
2. isn’t interested in rehabilitation
3. uses risk calculation to see how likely someone is to offend

(i.e., airport security stops and searches based on risk factors)

Question 20

AO3 of Feeley and Simon

Answer 20

risks SFP

Question 21

labelling and surveillance

Answer 21

CCTV operators make discriminatory judgements about ‘suspects’ on screen, usually targeting young, black males

Question 22

two ways of justifying punishment

Answer 22

1. reduction
2. retribution

Question 23

reduction

Answer 23

justifies punishment as it prevents future crime

1. deterrence - punishing individuals discourages them from future offending
2. rehabilitation - punishment changes offenders to a life of innocence
3. incapacitation - removing the offender’s capacity to commit crime again

Question 24

retribution

Answer 24

the idea that society is entitled to revenge against criminals

Question 25

Durkheim

Answer 25

1. retributive justice = responds to offenders with vengeful passion 2. restitutive justice = restoring society's equilibrium (i.e., vandals doing community service)

Question 26

Functionalism

Answer 26

punishment - an expression of moral outrage - should uphold social solidarity

Question 27

Marxism

Answer 27

punishment is part of the RSA and defends capitalist social order

Question 28

(M) Thompson

Answer 28

18th century theft punishments being hanging and transportation to the colonies = aristocratic reign of terror

Question 29

(M) alternatives to prison

Answer 29

community based controls (i.e., curfews and electronic tagging), casting the net of control over more people and fast-tracking young offenders into prison

Question 30

(M) changing roles of prisons

Answer 30

prison used to be where people awaited punishment, such as execution, whereas now it is the punishment move towards 'populist punitiveness' where politicians use tougher prison sentences to gain votes

Question 31

Miers

Answer 31

three features of positivist victimology 1. identify patterns 2. focus on interpersonal crimes of violence 3. identifies victims who have contributed to their own victimisation

Question 32

AO3 of Miers / positivist victimology

Answer 32

can tip into victim blaming (i.e., 1 in 5 rapes being 'victim precipitated' is the same as saying 'they asked for it') ignores situations where victims are unaware of their victimisation

Question 33

class (victimisation)

Answer 33

poorest groups are more likely to be victimised as crime is highest in deprived areas

Question 33

positivist victimology

Answer 33

- identifying social/psychological characteristics that differentiate victims from non-victims - victims 'invite' victimisation through the kind of person they are (i.e., wealth)

Question 33

patterns of victimisation

Answer 33

the risk of being a victim is unevenly distributed between social groups being a victim makes you more likely to be a victim again

Question 34

age (victimisation)

Answer 34

younger people are more likely to be victims infants under 1 are most at risk of murder teens are most vulnerable to assault, abuse, and sexual crimes

Question 35

gender (victimisation)

Answer 35

males are most at risk of violent crime women are most at risk of domestic abuse, sa, stalking, people trafficking, and mass rape as a weapon of war

Question 36

ethnicity and victimisation

Answer 36

minority groups are most likely to be victimised, especially by hate crimes

Question 37

critical victimology

Answer 37

1. structural factors (patriarchy, poverty) 2. state's power to apply or deny label of 'victim' (police deciding when to press charges)

Question 38

Tombs and Whyte

Answer 38

critical victimology approach crimes where employers' violation of law kills a worker are explained away as 'accident prone' staff - concealing the extent of victimisation and its actual causes hides the crimes of the powerful

Question 39

AO3 of critical victimology

Answer 39

disregards the role victims may play in victimisation (i.e., not securing their home)

Question 40

secondary victimisation

Answer 40

the idea that, after the crime, individuals suffer further victimisation from the CJS (i.e., rape victims not being treated tactfully)

Question 41

fear of victimisation

Answer 41

crime can create fears of becoming a victim

Question 42

impact of victimisation

Answer 42

crime has impacts like disrupted sleep, feelings of helplessness, difficulty functioning socially and being more security-conscious crime can have indirect victims (witnesses, friends of the victim)