CONTROLLING MICROBIAL GROWTH: IN VIVO

Question 1

These are substances obtained & purified from other microbial organisms

Answer 1

Antibiotics

Question 2

Antimicrobia1 agents that are chemically synthesized

Answer 2

Chemotherapeutic agents

Question 3

Principles of antimicrobial action:

This means that the agent must be inactive form, take account which the route the patient receiving the agent, orally or intravenously

Answer 3

Pharmacodynamic design

Question 4

Principles of antimicrobial action:

The ability to achieve adequate levels depends on this property and to know the anatomic place which the bacteria is present

Answer 4

Pharmokinetic properties

Question 5

What are the direct interactions between the antibacterial agent and the bacterial cell (Basic steps for antimicrobial activity)

Answer 5

1. Surface binding
2. Uptake
3. Target binding
4. Growth inhibition or lysis and death

Question 6

Inhibit the growth of an organism

Answer 6

Bacteriostatic

Question 7

The agent that kills the microorganism

Answer 7

Bacteriocidal

Question 8

The processes or structures most frequently targeted are:

Answer 8

1. Cell wall (peptidoglycan) synthesis
2. Cell membrane
3. protein synthesis
4. DNA and RNA synthesis
5. Metabolis pathways → folic Acid metabolism

Question 9

Mode of action of inhibition of CM synthesis

Answer 9

Disrupts the phospholipid bilayer

Question 10

Cyclic lipopeptide agents that disrupts the cellular membranes

Answer 10

Polymyxin B and colistin

Question 11

Examples of polymyxins

Answer 11

Polymyxin B and colistin

Question 12

Effectiveness varies with the molecular makeup of the bacterial call membrane, these are not equally effective against all bacteria.

Answer 12

Polymyxins

Question 13

Most effective against gram-negative bacteria, whereas activity against gram-positive bacteria tends to be poor.

Answer 13

Polymyxins

Question 14

Pose toxicity to humans (neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity)

Answer 14

Polymyxin’S

Question 15

Agents of last resort when gram-negative bacilli that are resistant to all other available agents are encountered

Answer 15

Polymyxin’S

Question 16

Example of bacteria’s thatare resistant to all agents encountered

Answer 16

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Acinetobacter spp.

Question 17

Deoxyribonycheic Acid inhibitors:

Answer 17

Fluoroquinolones

Question 18

Examples of fluoroquinolones

Answer 18

Ciprofloxacin
Levofloxacin
Ofloxacin
Norfloxacin
Moxifloxacin

Question 19

MOA: agents bind to and interfere with DNA gyrase enzymes involved in the regulation of bacterial DNA supercoiling

Answer 19

Fluoroquinolones

Question 20

Potential bactericidal agents and have a broad spectrum of activity that includes gram-negative and gram-positive organisms

Answer 20

Fluoroquinolones

Question 21

Targets DNA gyrase in gram-negative and topoisomerase IV in gram-positive organisms

Answer 21

Fluo. roquinolones

Question 22

Fluoroquinolones targets _____ in gram-negative bacteria

Answer 22

DNA gyrase

Question 23

Fluoroquinolones targets _____ in gram- positive bacteria

Answer 23

Topoisomerase IV

Question 24

MOA : presence of nitro group is reduced by a nitroceductase in the bacterial cytoplasm generating cytotoxic compounds free and radicals that disrupt the host DNA

Answer 24

Metronidazole

Question 25

Ribonucheic avid inhibitors:

Answer 25

Rifamycin

Question 26

Example of Rifamycin

Answer 26

Rifampin (also known as ritampicin)

Question 27

MOA: The agents bind to the RNA and inhibits the synthesis of the RNA

Answer 27

Ribonucleic Acid inhibitor: rifampin

Question 28

MOA: inhibit the conversion of PABA (Para amino benzoic acid) to folate

Answer 28

Folic Acid metabolism

Question 29

Example of folic acids

Answer 29

Sulfonamide Trimethoprim

Question 30

Essential to synthesis of adenine & thymine

Answer 30

Folic Acid

Question 31

MOA: bind to ribosomal subunits

Answer 31

CHON synthesis

Question 32

Examples of 50S ribosomal unit:

Answer 32

Macrolide- lincosamide- streprogramins Group Kerolides Oxazolidinones Chloramphenicol

Question 33

Macrolide- lincosamide- streprogramins Group

Answer 33

Erythromycin Azithromycin Clarithromycin Clindamycin

Question 34

Examples of 30S ribosomal subunit

Answer 34

Tetracycline Streptomycin Gentamycin Aminoglycosides Glycylglycines

Question 35

Agents that kill both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria's

Answer 35

Broad spectrum antibiotics

Question 36

MOA: interfere the transpeptidation of the peptidoglycan layer:

Answer 36

Inhibition of cell wall

Question 37

Binds to transpeptidase and binds to d-alanyl-carboxypeptidase

Answer 37

Inhibition of all wall

Question 38

The __________ stimulates the release of autolysins that are capable of digesting the existing all wall

Answer 38

antibiotic penicillin binding CHON complex

Question 39

Example of drug that inhibit the cell wall

Answer 39

B-lactams

Question 40

Drug class comprises the largest group of antibacterial agents, and dozens of derivatives are available for clinical use

Answer 40

B-lactams

Question 41

Example of alteration of PBPs through transformation

Answer 41

Penicillin -resistant S. Pneumoniae

Question 42

Release b-lactamase in the extracellular environment

Answer 42

Gram positive

Question 43

Retains b-lactamase enzymes within the periplasmic space providing increased protection from beta-lactam antimicrobialo

Answer 43

Gram negative