Cooperation & Conflict

Question 1

Why do groups of greater ani lay their eggs in the same nests?

Answer 1

Nesting alone is not good enough to ward off predators

Question 2

What are some of the implications of greater ani cooperating together and laying their eggs in the same nests?

Answer 2

First laying females always lose offpsring because each female removes a prior laid egg before laying

Question 3

Did two or three pair coalitions do better for the greater ani?

Answer 3

3

Question 4

Define cooperation

Answer 4

a behavior that has a beneficial influence on a recipient

Question 5

What does the cleaner wrasse do for their clients? (fish)

Answer 5

cleaning

Question 6

What do cleaner wrasse sometimes do instead of cleaning?

Answer 6

take a bite out of their clients

Question 7

what do the clients of cleaner wrasse do to punish the wrasse?

Answer 7

leave or chase them which discourages this cheating behavior

Question 8

Define altruism

Answer 8

the practice of disinterested and selfless concern for the well being of others

Question 9

The beldings ground squirrel has two kinds of alarm calls, describe the differences in them.

Answer 9

Whistles: selfish and in response to hawk attacks. Other squirrels likely to be captured.
Trills: altruistic and response to a ground attack. Alarm giver is likelier to be captured

Question 10

Define amensalism

Answer 10

an association between organisms of two different species in which one is inhibited or destroyed and the other is unaffected

Question 11

Define altruism

Answer 11

a behavior where one party benefits and the other is usually not harmed

Question 12

How does altruism directly and indirectly affect fitness

Answer 12

directly by increased reproduction to one party, and indirectly bu aiding related individuals reproducing and indirectly passing on your genes

Question 13

If you can earn benefits without cooperating why do cooperative behaviors evolve?

Answer 13

hidden benefits, by-product benefit, group augmentation, kin selection

Question 14

What is an example of a hidden benefit?

Answer 14

Superb fairy wrens have helpers that increase survivorship in breeding females even though eggs were a little smaller

Question 15

What is an example of by product benefit?

Answer 15

Cooperative hunting, more efficiently in pairs for lions

Question 16

What is an example of group augmentation?

Answer 16

in meerkats, large groups do better for protection by subordinates while dominants forage. long term subordinants may inherit the dominant position

Question 17

Describe eviction and infanticide in meerkats

Answer 17

preggo females chase off competitors (other females that may also become pregnant). Evicted females usually lose their young and without eviction the subordinate females kill and eat the dominant females pups

Question 18

What is Hamilton’s rule?

Answer 18

Altruistic behavior is favored if rB-C>0
Benefits weighted by relatedness outweigh costs

Question 19

Define inclusive fitness

Answer 19

direct and indirect fitness combined

Question 20

define kin selection

Answer 20

spread of alleles that increase indirect fitness

Question 21

What is a green beard?

Answer 21

a gene defined as a gene that causes a phenotypic effect where an individual that possesses it can recognize it in other individuals

Question 22

The fire ants queens expressing the correct Bb protein produce a particular odor to prevent herself from being beheaded, this is an example of:

Answer 22

green beard

Question 23

What 2 rules are a part of kin discrimination?

Answer 23

Treat anyone in my home as kin (mother birds accepting anyone in their nest and rejecting those that are not) and Kin are those you grow up with such as squirrels.

Question 24

what was interesting about the ground squirrels that were actual siblings but grew separately?

Answer 24

they were genetically related and still less aggressive than non siblings who grew up apart

Question 25

define reciprocity

Answer 25

exchange of favors that benefit both players

Question 26

what are the 3 requirements for reciprocity

Answer 26

must be able to recognize cheats/free loaders, sufficient repeated interactions and exchange of roles, and benefits of receiving aid must outweigh the costs of providing care

Question 27

Vampire bats exhibit reciprocity by:

Answer 27

feeding beggar kin and non kin

Question 28

Why do parents and offspring tend to have conflict?

Answer 28

the offpsring tend to desire more care than the parent is willing to give and the parent may purposely have less kids at once to increase their own benefit

Question 29

The canary chicks experiment showed that begging is ________

Answer 29

costly

Question 30

As shown in the roseate spoonbill birds, Removing one parent/partner leads to ____________ by the other partner/parent

Answer 30

increased effort

Question 31

The male seed beetle genitalia is an example of

Answer 31

sexual conflict. Intentional damage is caused in order to keep her from mating again, but females counter adapt to thicker copulatory ducts