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coordination and response Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the stimuli of plants (what do plants respond to)?

A

water, chemicals, light, gravity, touch.

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2
Q

what is the name of the response of plants towards water?

A

hydrotropism

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3
Q

what is the response of plants to water?

A

roots grow towards water

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4
Q

what is the name of plants to touch?

A

Thygmotropism

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5
Q

what is the response of carnivorous plants to touch?

A

they close, they catch insects for protein and other rare nutrients in environment

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6
Q

what is the response of vines to touch?

A

they grow around twigs to support themselves

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7
Q

what is the response of mimosas to touch?

A

they close their leaves to discourage herbivorous animals from eating it

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8
Q

what is the name of the response of plants to light?

A

phototropism

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9
Q

what is the response of plants to light?

A

shoots and leaves grow towards light to get sunlight for photosynthesis

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10
Q

what is the response of plants to gravity?

A

roots grow with gravity to get water and minerals from the soil

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11
Q

what is the name of the response of plants to gravity?

A

geotropism

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12
Q

what is tropism?

A

the response of the plant to a stimulus

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13
Q

what are auxins

A

they are hormones in plants that control growth, they are produced at the tips of shoots and roots. They move towards light or gravity. They cause phototropism and gravitropism.

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14
Q

What are the parts of a neuron?

A

Nucleus
Cell body
Dendrites
Node of Ranvier
Axon
Myelin sheath
Axon terminal

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15
Q

What are the uses of the skin?

A

protection
helps with thermal insulation
prevents loss of moisture from internal organs
sensitivity

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16
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

The outermost layer of the skin.

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17
Q

What is the dermis?

A

The layer of skin just under the epidermis.

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18
Q

What is the hair follicle?

A

a shaeath around the part of hair that is under the skin. It is in the epidermis and dermis. The hair is nourished by the follicle at the base to grow.

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19
Q

What is the hair shaft?

A

The part of the hair that is above the skin.

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20
Q

What is the hair erector muscle?

A

It is the muscle that connects each hair with the skin, this causes the skin to contract in response to cold, fear etc.

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21
Q

What is melanocyte?

A

A cell in the epidermis that produces melanin.

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22
Q

What is the Pacinian corpuscle

A

Nerve receptors that respond to pressure and vibration. Located in the subcutaneous fatty tissues.

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23
Q

What is the sebaceous gland?

A

small sack shaped gland that releases fatty liquids onto the hair follicle. Located in dermis next to hair follicle.

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24
Q

What are sweat glands?

A

tube shaped gland that produces perspiration. In the epidermis and releases sweat onto the skin.

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25
What is the subcutaneous tissue?
fatty tissue under the dermis.
26
How does the skin reduce heat loss?
Hair erector muscle contract make the hair stand up straight Sweat glands don't produce sweat Blood vessels near the skin surface get narrower, less blood gets near the surface.
27
How does the skin lose heat?
Hair erector muscles relax, hair close to skin so the air can pass. Sweat glands make sweat to evaporate from skin. Blood vessels widen near the surface.
28
What are dendrites
They are small branched extensions of the nervous cell, they receive impulses from other cells at synapses.
29
What is the Node of Ranvier?
small gaps in the myelin sheath which facilitate the rapid conduction of the nerve.
30
What is the Myelin sheath?
insulating layer on the nerve that help the quick transport of the nervous impulse.
31
What is the axon?
thin fiber that connects nerves to communicate.
32
What is the axon terminal?
The end of the axon which transmits information with neurotransmitter at synapses.
33
What is the order of neurons, when a neuron reacts to a stimulus.
Sensory neuron --> relay neuron --> motor neuron.
34
What is the process when neurons react to a stimulus?
sensory neuron (receptor) receives stimulus, creates electrical impulse --> axon to CNS (spinal cord or brain) -->passed to a relay --> then connects to a motor neuron, carries the impulse to an effector, resulting in a **response.**
35
What are synapses?
the gap between neurons that helps them connect.
36
What is the structure of a sensory neuron?
Cell body, long dendrites, axon length varies.
37
What is the structure of a relay neuron?
Short axon, short dendrites, cell body in the middle.
38
What is the structure of a motor neuron?
Cell body, long axon, short dendrites.
39
Where is the cell body of a sensory neuron located?
Outside the CNS, along the axon.
40
Where is the cell body of a relay neuron located?
In the CNS.
41
Where is the cell body of a motor neuron located?
In the CNS.
42
What do the dendrites of a sensory neuron connect to?
Receptors; they receive sensory input.
43
What do the dendrites of relay neurons do?
Receive impulses at synapses from the sensory neuron.
44
What do motor neuron dendrites synapse with?
Relay neurons.
45
Where do sensory neuron axons synapse?
With relay and other neurons in the CNS.
46
Where does the axon of a relay neuron synapse?
With motor neurons.
47
Where does the axon of a motor neuron extend to?
To effectors like muscles or glands.
48
What is the function of sensory neurons?
Transmit impulses from receptors to the CNS.
49
What is the function of relay neurons?
Connect sensory and motor neurons, process signals in the CNS.
50
What is the function of motor neurons?
Transmit impulses from CNS to effector to coordinate response.
51
How is information passed from a neuron to another through a synapse?
1. Impulse arrives to at the end of the presynaptic neuron 2. A neurotransmitter is released into the synapse. 3. The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synapse quickly. 4. Neurotransmitter binds with a receptor molecule on the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron. 5. It stimulates a new nerve impulse in the postsynaptic neuron. 6. neurotransmitter is released back into presynaptic neuron.
52
What are the different parts in a synapse system?
Vesicles containing neurotransmitters Synaptic cleft Receptor for the neurotransmitters
53
Order of the reflex arc
Receptor in the skin --> sensory neuron --> CNS --> relay neuron --> effector
54
What is the cornea?
Transparent outer layer of eye, helps light refract and focus.
55
What is the pupil?
It is a gap, it lets the light pass to the retina.
56
What is the retina?
Back of eyeball, contains cone cells (color) and rod cells (black and white) to create the image.
57
What is the fovea?
It is a spot on the retina that only contains cone cells, it is where we try to focus light on, to see the most clearly.
58
What is the iris?
It contains the color of the eye and controls the size of the pupil.
59
What is the lens?
It can change shape to perfectly focus light onto the retina.
60
What is the optic nerve?
It carries electrical impulses from retina to brain
61
What is the iris reflex?
It is when the iris controls the size of the pupil, in bright or darker light.
62
How does the pupil constrict in bright light?
The circular muscles in the iris contract and the radial muscles relax. (So that the light doesn't damage the retina)
63
How does the pupil dilate in dark light?
The circular muscles in iris relax and the radial muscles contract. (So that we can see better in the dark)
64
What is accommodation?
The reflex by which the lens changes shape for us to see at a distance and closely.
65
What happens when we look at distant objects?
The ciliary muscles relax --> it pulls on ligaments --> pull lens Lens in thinner (less convex)
66
What happens when we look at near objects?
The ciliary muscles contract --> no tension on suspensory ligaments --> stop pulling lens. Lens is thicker (more convex)
67
Is distant or near vision more damaging?
Near vision. Because the ciliary muscles contract which causes a strain on the eye. If looking at a near object for too long it can cause headaches.
68
What is a hormone?
A chemical messenger that is produced by gland.
69
What are the two types of glands?
endocrine and exocrine
70
What is the endocrine system?
A system of glands that release hormones directly into bloodstream.
71
Where is Adrenaline produced?
in the adrenal glands
72
What is the function of Adrenaline?
Prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses
73
Where is Thyroxine produced?
in the thyroid gland
74
What is the function of Thyroxine?
Increases the metabolic rate
75
Where is Insulin produced?
in the pancreas
76
What is the function of Insulin?
Lowers blood glucose levels Turns glucose into glycogen
77
Where is Glucagon produced?
in the pancreas
78
What is the function of Glucagon?
Raises blood glucose levels Converts glycogen back into glucose
79
Where is Oestrogen produced?
Oestrogen is produced in the ovaries
80
What is the function of Oestrogen?
Regulates the menstrual cycle Supports the development of female secondary sexual characteristics Stimulate uterus lining growth.
81
Where is Testosterone produced?
in the testes
82
What is the function of Testosterone?
Supports sperm production and the development of male secondary sexual characteristics
83
Where is progesterone produced?
in the ovaries
84
What is the function of progesterone?
Regulate menstrual cycle Maintain uterus lining
85
What is response time?
time it takes for the body to detect a stimulus and respond to it.

Biology (6 decks)

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