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biology igcse > coordination and response (topic 14) > Flashcards

coordination and response (topic 14) Flashcards

1
Q

stimulus

A

A change in the environment that can be detected by an organism.

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2
Q

nervous system

A

An organ system consisting of the brain, spinal cord and neurones. It responds quickly to changes inside and outside of the body.

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3
Q

neurones

A

nerve cells in which nerve impulses travel along as electrical impulses

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4
Q

what composes the mammalian nervous system

A

cns and pns

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5
Q

cns

A

central nervous system
-brain and spinal cord
-responsible for coordinating all reactions and nervous communication around the body.

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6
Q

pns

A

peripheral nervous system
-all nerves which arent in the spinal cord or brain
responsible for transmitting the impulses from the CNS to all parts of the body.

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7
Q

what is the role of the nervous system

A

coordination and regulation of body functions

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8
Q

what are the three main types of neurones

A

sensory, relay, motor

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9
Q

structure of a sensory neurone

A

long cell body in the middle of the neurone

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10
Q

strcuture of relay neurone

A

short, cell body

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11
Q

strucutre of motor neurone

A

long, cell body at the end

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12
Q

sensory neurones

A

receive impulses from receptor cells, because of a stimulus, and carries impulse towards cns

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13
Q

relay neurones

A

make link between sensory and motor neurone

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14
Q

motor neurone

A

transfer nerve impulses from brain or spinal cord to effectors eg. muscles or glands for a dedicated response

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15
Q

what is a sysnapse

A

a junction between two neurones
allows an impulse to travel from an axon terminal of one neurone to a dendrite in another neurone

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16
Q

axon terminal

A

end of an axon in a neurone that releases neurotransmitters from vesicles into the synaptic gap.

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17
Q

dendrite

A

Further branches at the end of dendrons in a neurone that receive signals from other neurones via the synapse.

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18
Q

what do axon terminals contain

A

many vessicles which contai neurotransmitters

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19
Q

what do dendrites contain

A

receptor molecules that bind to these neutrotransmitters

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20
Q

what happens when a nerve impulse arrives at the axon terminal

A
  1. vesicles release neurotransmitters into synaptic clef
  2. neutrotransmitters travel along gap by diffusion
    3.neurotransmitter bind with receptor molecules on dendrite
    4.nerve impulse triggered in this neurone
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21
Q

reflex action

A

A means of automatically and rapidly integrating and coordinating stimuli with the responses of effectors (muscles and glands).
involuntary action, rapid, automatic, innate

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22
Q

reflex arc

A

Pathway through the body that brings about a reflex action.

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23
Q

reflex arc path

A

receptor → sensory neurone → relay neurone → motor neurone → effector

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24
Q

what are receptors

A

cell that detects stimulus, make connections with sensory neurones

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25
Q

what are the different types of receptors

A

touch- skin
sound- ear
light- eye
chemical- nose, tongue, mouth
temperature- skin and brain

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26
Q

effectors

A

a muscle or gland that produces a response to a stimulus.

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27
Q

what do sysnapses ensure

A

that impulses travel in one direction only

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28
Q

sense organ

A

A group of receptor cells that respond to a specific stimulus.

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29
Q

what are the main strcutrues present in the eye

A

lens, pupil iris, cornea, retina, fovea, blind spot, optic nerve

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30
Q

cornea

A

transparent outer layer, refracts light, focusing it towards the retina

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31
Q

lens

A

transparent rounded structure, refracts light, focusing it onto the retina

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32
Q

iris

A

coloured part of the eye, controls the amount of light passing through the pupil

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33
Q

retina

A

layer containing receptor cells, responds to light levels and to light of different colours

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34
Q

optic nerve

A

bundle of neurones, carries nerve impulses from the retina to the brain

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35
Q

blind spot

A

Area at the back of the retina where the optic nerve enters the eye that contains no light-sensitive cells

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36
Q

what happens to eye in dim light

A

pupil dilates, letting more light into the eye. To make this happen, the radial muscles contract and the circular muscles relax.

37
Q

what happens to eye in bright light

A

the pupil constricts, letting less light into the eye. To make this happen, the radial muscles relax and the circular muscles contract.

38
Q

how do the muscles in the iris work

A

in antagonistic pair,
composed of circular and radial muscles

39
Q

what is accomodation

A

Changes in the ciliary muscles, suspensory ligaments and lens that allow the eye to focus on distant and near objects.

40
Q

ciliary muscles

A

Muscles connected to the lens of the eye by suspensory ligaments.

41
Q

suspensory ligmants

A

Structures in the eye that connect the ciliary muscles to the lens.

42
Q

accomodation in distant objects

A

light enters in parallel lines
the ciliary muscles relax
the tension in the suspensory ligaments increases
the lens becomes thinner
light is refracted less strongly.

43
Q

accomodation in near objects

A

light is diverging as enters the eye
the ciliary muscles contract
the tension in the suspensory ligaments decreases
the lens becomes thicker
light is refracted more strongly.

44
Q

what are the 2 receptor cells present in the retina

A

rods and cones

45
Q

describe cones

A

Light-sensitive cells in the retina responsible for colour vision, located in the fovea
provide colour vision
3 different types of cones, red green or blue light

46
Q

fovea

A

fovea is the part of the retina which produces the clearest, sharpest image.

47
Q

describe rods

A

more sensitive to light than cones, allow vision in dim light
located away from fovea, located at the sides of the retina

48
Q

hormone

A

A chemical substance, produced by a gland and carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs.

49
Q

endocrine system

A

A system of glands that secrete hormones that help to regulate body functions.

50
Q

target organ

A

An organ that is affected by a particular hormone.

51
Q

what are the 4 main endrocine glands

A

adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testes

52
Q

what hormone does adrenal gland produce

A

adrenaline

53
Q

what hormone does pancreas produce

A

insulin and glucagon

54
Q

what hormone does testes produce

A

testesterone

55
Q

what hormone does ovaries produce

A

oestrogen

56
Q

oestrogen

A

The main female sex hormone. It plays a major role in the control of the menstrual cycle. produced by ovaries

57
Q

testesterone

A

The main male sex hormone. It plays a key role in the primary and secondary sexual systems in males. produced by testes

58
Q

compare hormonal system to nervous system

A

hormonal is slower and longer lasting

59
Q

adrenaline

A

hormone released in fight or flight situations

60
Q

effects of releasing of adrenaline

A

-increased breathing rate(increase the supply of oxygen into the blood and remove carbon dioxide from the blood)
-increased pulse rate. (increase the delivery of glucose and oxygen to muscles around the body)
-pupils dialate
-increase in blood glucose levels from the breakdown of glycogen stored in the liver and muscles

61
Q

metabolism

A

All the chemical reactions that happen inside living cells, including respiration.

62
Q

homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment in the body. controlled by negative feedback

63
Q

negative feedback

A

A response which is the reverse of the change detected

64
Q

thermoregulation

A

Process that allows the body to maintain a stable core temperature

65
Q

what are the structures present in the skin

A

hair, sweat gland, hair erector muscle, receptor, blood vessels, sensory nerve, fatty tissue

66
Q

what are 2 mechanisms that help control body temp

A

shivering- if body too cold
sweating- if body too hot

67
Q

describe shivering

A

response to cold enviornment/ stimuli
caused by muscle contraction and relaxing uncontrollably and uncordinatly, respiration releases energy for this movement, this increases body temp

68
Q

describe sweating

A

As sweat evaporates, energy is transferred to it by heating from the skin. This cools the skin, helping to reduce body temperature.

69
Q

vasodilation

A

body temp too high, arterioles (small arteries) dilate, causing more blood to flow in the skin capillaries, so more heat is lost from the body.

70
Q

vasocsontriction

A

body temp too low, arterioles constrict, causing less blood to flow in the skin capillaries, so less heat is lost from the body.

71
Q

role of insulin limited to glucose

A

The hormone that stimulates the liver to turn glucose into glycogen. lowers blood glucose concentration, also stimulates tissues such as muscles to take in glucose from the blood ether use this glucose, or convert to glycogen (form of storing glucose in liver or muscles)

72
Q

glucagon

A

The hormone that stimulates the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. causing blood glucose concentration to increase

73
Q

outline what happens when blood glucose concentration is too high

A

insulin is released causing the concentration to fall.
insulin released by pancreas stimulates glucose uptake from blood by tissue cells or stimultes the conversion of glucose to glycogen which is stored in muscles or liver
in turn this lowers glucose concentration

74
Q

outline what happens when blood glucose concentration is too low

A

glucagon is released causing the concentration to rise.
glucagon released by pancreas stimulates breakdown of glycogen in liver which raises glucose concentration in blood

75
Q

role of insulation in thermoregulation

A

Layers of fat under the skin provide one way to keep the body warm in a cold environment. This fatty tissue is a good thermal insulator, helping to reduce the transfer of thermal energy from the body to the surroundings.

76
Q

what is type 1 diabetes

A

Autoimmune disease in which the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas are attacked, leading to the inability to control blood glucose levels. cant lower blood glucose concentration

77
Q

symptoms of type 1 diabetes

A

-frequent urination (because the body is trying to excrete excess glucose)
-increased thirst (resulting from the frequent urination, and also because the body is trying to dilute the blood to reduce the blood glucose concentration).

78
Q

treatments for type 1 diabetes

A

They involve careful monitoring of diet and insulin levels, and insulin injections.

79
Q

tropism

A

A response by a plant to a stimulus.

80
Q

gravitropism

A

a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from gravity

81
Q

phototropism

A

a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from the direction of the light source

82
Q

positive vs negative tropism

A

a positive tropism, parts of a plant grow towards the stimulus
negative, grow away from stimulus

83
Q

outline phototropism in real life example

A

when plant shoot grows towards light- positive
when root grows away from light- negative

84
Q

outline gravitropism in real life

A

when shoots grow against gravity- negative
when roots grow with gravity- positive

85
Q

what is auxin

A

Plant hormone that affects the rate of elongation in shoots and roots, causing tropisms in response to stimuli.

86
Q

explain how auxin works

A

auxin is only produced in tip of growing shoot or root, auxin is distributed unequally in response to a stimilus eg light or gravity
this effects how rapidly growing cells elongate

87
Q

what dialates/ constricts in thermoregulation

A

artery

88
Q

what is a venule

A

collects blood from a netweork of the narrowest blood vessel, from capillaries to veins

89
Q

what is a shunt vessel

A

redirects blood flow deeper under the surface of the skin, from arterioles to venules

biology igcse (25 decks)

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