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biology igcse > sexual reproduction in humans > Flashcards

sexual reproduction in humans Flashcards

1
Q

scrotum

A

sac enclosing the testes outside of body, for protection and enusres proper temp is kept in testicles for sperm production (head of sperm contains enzymes sensitive to temp)

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2
Q

testes

A

production of sperm cells (by meiosis) and testesterone (male hormone, use primarly for sperm production and secondary penis enlargement, voic, body hair etc)

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3
Q

penis

A

erectile tissue and spongy muscle fills with blood when men is sexually arroused, to be inserted in vagina

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4
Q

urethra

A

releases urine from urinary bladder for exrection and during ejaculation releases semen

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5
Q

sperm duct

A

where sperm pass to urethra

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6
Q

prostate gland

A

lubrification secreted for semen, fluid rich in sucrose sperm cells use as source of energy (aerobic respiraation))

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7
Q

vesicle

A

nourishing secretion for semen (releases alkaline fluid in order to neutralize vaginas acidity)

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8
Q

vulva

A

external female genitalia that surrounds the opening to the vagina and the urethra

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9
Q

vagina

A

muscular tube where blood is released ou of body during menstruation, semen is diposited during sexual inntercourse and passegeway for natural child birth

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10
Q

cervix

A

muscular opening for uterus acts as a barrier against sperm cell, opens when a women is ovulating so it increases chance of fertilisation

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11
Q

uterus

A

muscular organ where mebryo implants, foetus grows and further contracts during birth/ labor so the baby is delivered

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12
Q

oviduct/ fallopian tube

A

tube that moves follicle cells from ovary to uterus by peristlsis and cilliated cells, usual site for fertilisation

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13
Q

ovary

A

production of egg cells, estrogen and progsterone (hormone involved primarly in follicle production and secondarly breast development, hip enlargment, body hair etc)

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14
Q

parts in male reproductive system

A

scrotum, testes, penis, urethra, spermduct, prostate gland, vesicle

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15
Q

parts in female reproductive system

A

vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, oviduct, ovary

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16
Q

size of sperm vc egg

A

egg 5x bigger than sperm

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17
Q

where is sperm and eggs produced

A

sperm in testes, eggs in ovaries

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18
Q

when does production of sperm and eggs start

A

sperm during puberty due to testosterone
and eggs in embryonic phase due to FSH AND LH girls born with all follicle cells to be used through her life

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19
Q

when does production of sperm and eggs finish

A

sperm in death (no testosterone released)
eggs in menopause (decrease in LH and oestrogen levels)

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20
Q

movement of eggs vc sperm

A

sperm, mobile tail enables movement
eggs, not mobile (moves due to perstalisis, involuntary muscle contraction in oviduct and cilliated cells)

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21
Q

ploidy of sperm vc egg

A

sperm and egg haploid (n)

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22
Q

numbers of cells produced eggs vs sperm

A

sperm, millions per ejaculation, and egg only one follicle per menstrual cycle

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23
Q

what area of sperm responsible for fertilisaiton

A

head, only heat of sperm penetrates inside follicle membrane nucleus of head with fuse with follicle nucleus

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24
Q

in sperm cells, mitochnodria

A

important for aerobic cellular resipration, releases of energy for movement

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25
Q

in sperm cells, tail/flagellum

A

movement

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26
Q

in sperm cells, nucleus

A

haploid

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27
Q

in sperm cells, acrosome

A

region with many digestive enxymes that break down the jelly coat present in the follicle

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28
Q

in egg cell, jelly coat

A

layer surrounding plasma membrane changes stiffness when sperm cell penetrates/digests it. flexible layer becomes hard like barrier, avoiding penetration of multiple sperms, to avoid polyspermy.

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29
Q

parts in an egg cell

A

cytoplasm, jelly coat, follicle cells, nucleus

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30
Q

parts in a sperm cell

A

acrosome, nucleus, centriole, midpiece (mitochondria), flagellum, plasm membrane

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31
Q

nuclues of egg

A

contains the mother’s DNA that will fuse with the father’s contained in the sperm’s nucleus

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32
Q

cytoplasm of egg

A

contains energy stores to allow the egg to survive for several days and to nourish the zygote if fertilisation occurs, until it can implant in the wall of the uterus.

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33
Q

jelly coat of egg

A

allows the sperm to attach and also creates a barrier to other sperm cells once one has successfully penetrated it and entered the egg cell.

34
Q

layer of follicle cells

A

attached to the egg helps to nourish the egg during its journey.

35
Q

what is fertilisation

A

the fusion of the nucleus from a male gamete (sperm) and the nucleus from a female gamete (egg cell) to form a zygote. Sperm cells and egg cells are adapted to their functions.

36
Q

what happens to reach fertilisation

A

man penisis erect, enters vagina, releases semen, sperm swim up vagina through cervix into uterus and along oviduct, majority sperm dies in journey, only one fertlises egg, barrier formed in egg to prevent more than one sperm fertilising it.

37
Q

what happens between fertilisation and implantantation

A

enzymes break down jelly coat layer of egg and sperm enters the egg, sperm fertilizes egg and they fuse to form a diploid zygote zygote divides by mitosis to produce identical cells uitl it forms a blastocyst (32 cells) the blastocyst implants itself to the uterus lining to form the placente, umbilical cord, and embryo

38
Q

what are the processes of fertilizationt to lead to pregnany

A

ovulation (egg is released from the ovary to oviduct), fertilisation(fusion of male and female haploid nucleus to create a diploid zygote), mitosis(zygote divides by mitosis to produce idential cells until it forms a blastocsyt (32 identical cells)), implantation(blastocyst attaches to the endometruim (uterus lining))

39
Q

when is the embryo called a fetus

A

after 8 weeks

40
Q

what is the amnotic sac

A

the foetus is surrounded by the amniotic sac, a membrane that ecloses the amnioic fluid, a protective layer

41
Q

what is the amniotic fluid

A

contains nutrients (carbs, fats and proteins), neeed by the foetus, helps to protect foetus against, mechanical shock, drying out and temperature change

42
Q

how long does an egg survive

A

8-24 hours

43
Q

how does the egg cell move

A

swept by the cilloiated cells in oviduct and also by perstalisis towards the uterus

44
Q

when must fertilisation occur for it to be succesful

A

3-4 days around time of ovulation

45
Q

what happens once sperm reaches egg

A

the acrosome secretes enzymes which allows it to burrown through the jelly coat around the egg, sperm head then disconnets with its flagellum and sperms cell membrane then fuse with eggs plasma membrane, reuclues falsing haploid nucleus into cytophaploid nlasm of egg, when sperm nucleus and eggs haploid nucleus fuse, fertilisation happens, producing a diplois zygote

46
Q

what happens during implantation

A

zygote starts dividing by mitosis as it travles down uterus, zygote will become ball of cells called blastocyst (32 CELLS) considered an embryo, when embryo reaches the uterus it will attach to the endometrium this is called implantation, some cells from embryo form the placenta and embryo starts to develop

47
Q

what does umbilical vein carry

A

oxygen from mothers blood towards baby

48
Q

what does umbilical artery carry

A

deoxyginated blood carries co2 from baby towards mother

49
Q

maternal vein carry

A

deoxygenated blood which removes co2 and waste products away from baby

50
Q

maternal artery

A

carry oxygenated blood sends oxygen and nutrients towards the baby

51
Q

what is the intervillous space

A

part of placenta that surround the villi and contains maternal blood: has very low pressure so exchange of materials is constantly done

52
Q

what is the placenta membrane

A

very thin memebrane that allows diffusion to take place, there is very close contact between material and baby blood (however they dont mix importnat to avoid coagulation of the different blood types between baby and other main function of placenta is diffuson

53
Q

respiration in foetus

A

placenta allows the diffusion of oxygen from mother to foetus and co2 from baby to mother

54
Q

excretion in foetus

A

placenta allows diffusion of waste products producedby baby eg lactic acid , urea and bicarbonates

55
Q

nutrition in foetus

A

placenta allows diffusion of glucose vitamins and minerals from mother and foetus

56
Q

immunity in foetus

A

mothers antibodies pass to baby

57
Q

hormonal in foetus

A

placenta releases 3 hormones t maintain pregnancy HCG OESTROGEN and PROGESTERONE

58
Q

placenta everyhing about summary

A

has finger like projections called villi, provide large and thin surface area to alow effiiceniency of material exchange
needed for nutrition, excretion, short term immunity, provides barrier to toxins and pathogens (alchol and rubells virus can pass throguh placenta), secretes hormones

59
Q

why is backbone important

A

to provide protection against jolts and mixing of blood

60
Q

what does umbilical cord do

A

transfer of materials from placenta to and from baby

61
Q

how long is one menstrual cycle

A

20-30 days

62
Q

on which day of menstrual cycle does the period start

A

1 st day

63
Q

on which day of menstrual cycle is egg released from ovary

A

half of how long menstrual cycle is

64
Q

what happens to lining of uterus if egg not fertilised

A

it sheds during menstraution

65
Q

does women have period when pregnant

A

no, no need to release egg to be fertilised, embryo developing in uterus lining

66
Q

how long dos period last in 28 day cycle

A

average 5 3-7 days

67
Q

what 4 hormones control the menstrual cycle

A

FSH,LH, oestrogen and progesterone

68
Q

what releases the FSH and LH

A

pituitary gland

69
Q

what releases oestrogen and progesterone

A

ovary

70
Q

what do each hormone target

A

FSH and LH ovary, and oestrogen and progesterone endometrium

71
Q

what does FSH do

A

stimulate growth and development of mature egg in ovary

72
Q

what does LH do

A

stimulates ovulation and development of corpus luteum

73
Q

what does oestrogen do

A

builds up the endometrium after menstruation

74
Q

what does progesterone do

A

thickens the endometrium after ovulation

75
Q

how does the regulation of hormone happen

A

positive and negative feedback

76
Q

how does each hormone interact with each other

A

fsh stimulates oestrogen which stimulates LH which stimulates progesterone
progesterone inhibits LH and FSH

77
Q

what is the 1st phase

A

menstruation, endometrium sheds, relasing the conetents, blood vessles, tissue and cells, throguh the vafine FSH released stimulating growth and maturation of 1 egg

78
Q

what is the 2nd phase

A

follicular phase, follicles surrouding and nourishong egg, stimulates grow and. ature. oestrogen released by ovary in response to FSH causing endomtrium to rebuild

79
Q

what is 3rd phase

A

ovulation, oestrogen stimulatrs release of LH from the pituitary gland, causes the release of egg from follcile to oviduct, empty follicle is called corpus luteum

80
Q

4th phase

A

thickening phase, corpus uteum releases progesterone cuasing endometrium to thicken for implantation

81
Q

what happens if egg is not fertilised

A

coprus luteum is degenerated, levels of progesterone fall, menstruation happens

82
Q

what happens if egg is fertilised

A

blastocyst releases horome that stimulates the mainanence of corpus luteum, therefore levels of progesterone are kept hight during all preganacy so endometrium doesnt shed

biology igcse (25 decks)

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