COPD Flashcards
What are the main types of COPD
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
EMPHYSEMA
Risk Factors (Causes) of COPD
Smoking
Environmental (dust, silica, pollutants)
Genetics (alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency)
Infection (viruses, mycoplasma, bacteria etc)
Autoimmune condition
Age
Gender
Asthma
Types of Emphysema
CENTRIACINAR
PANACINAR
DISTAL ACINAR/ PARASEPTAL
Complications of Chronic Bronchitis
- Cilia destruction & dysfunction
- Air trapping
- Hypoxemia (low PO2)
- Hypercapnia (high PaCO2)
- Increased risk of pneumonia
Complications of COPD
- Hypoxemia
- Pneumothorax
- Pulmonary Hypertension
- Right Ventricular Failure (Cor pulmonale)
Signs & Symptoms of Chronic Bronchitis
Chronic productive cough>3months/yr for 2yrs
Wheezing on expiration
Crackles/ rales on inspiration
Dyspnea on exertion
Cyanosis
Hyperresonance upon chest percussion
Increased AP diameter
Diagnosis of Chronic Bronchitis
1) Productive Cough>3mnths/yr
2) Pulmonary Function Test
Low FEV1 & FVC
FEV1/FVC<75%
3) Arterial blood Gas (ABG)
Increased PCO2
decreased pH & PO2
4) Pulse Oximetry
Low O2 saturation<88%
5) Imaging
CXR
CT
6) EKG
rule out heart diseases
Signs and symptoms of Emphysema
- Pursed lips exhalation
- Prolonged expiration
- Expiratory Wheezing
- Increased AP diameter
- Hyperresonance upon chest percussion
- Positive Hoover’s sign
Diagnosis of Emphysema
1) PFT
Increased RV, TLC & RV/TLC
2) CT
3) ABG
4) CBC
5) Pulse Oximetry
6) History
Treatment of COPD
B2 adrenergic agonists
Muscarinic antagonists
Inhaled corticosteroids
Oral glucocorticoids
Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors
Antibiotics
Oxygen Therapy
Mechanical Ventilation
Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Lung transplant
Reduce risk factor exposure
What is Hoover’s sign
Inward movement of ribs & costal margins during inspiration instead of normal outward movement during inspiration
What is bronchiectasis
abnormal and permanent distortion of one or more of the conducting bronchi or airways.
