COPD - Emphysema Flashcards
Definition
Emphysema is a chronic lung disease characterised by the destruction of the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, which can lead to breathing difficulties.
Aetiology/ causes
The main cause of emphysema is exposure to irritants that damage the lungs, particularly cigarette smoke.
Other causes of emphysema can include long-term exposure to air pollution, dust, and chemical fumes.
Some people may also be genetically predisposed to developing emphysema.
Risk factors
The main risk factor for emphysema is smoking, particularly long-term heavy smoking.
Other risk factors can include exposure to secondhand smoke, air pollution, and occupational exposure to dust and chemical fumes.
Epidemiology/ Population affected
Emphysema is a common lung disease, particularly in people over the age of 40 who have a history of smoking.
According to the WHO, it is estimated that over 210 million people worldwide have COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), which includes emphysema.
Clinical presentation
The main symptom of emphysema is shortness of breath, particularly during physical activity.
Other symptoms can include chronic cough, wheezing, fatigue, and weight loss.
In advanced cases of emphysema, the person may have difficulty breathing even at rest.
Prognosis
The prognosis for emphysema varies depending on the severity of the disease and the person’s overall health.
Treatment can help to manage the symptoms of emphysema and slow the progression of the disease, but it cannot reverse the damage that has already occurred in the lungs.
In severe cases, emphysema can lead to respiratory failure and death.
DDX
Chronic bronchitis and asthma.
Other conditions that can cause shortness of breath and respiratory symptoms include heart failure, pulmonary embolism, and lung cancer
