CoQ10 and Omegas

Question 1

How many isoprene units are there in CoQ10?

Answer 1

4 C + a methyl branch

Question 2

Functional group of CoQ10?

Answer 2

quinone ring

Question 3

What is the oxidized and reduced form of CoQ10?

Answer 3

oxidized: ubiquinone
reduced: ubiquinol –> majority

Question 4

Increase in serum CoQ10 requires supp with?

Answer 4

100 mg/day

Question 5

What is strongly lipophilic and mostly insoluble?

Answer 5

CoQ10

Question 6

How is CoQ10 absorbed in SI?

Answer 6

slowly/incompletely using soluble passive diffusion

- absorption rate = 6 %

Question 7

Conversion of ubiquinone –> ubiquinol occurs in?

Answer 7

enterocytes prior to lymphatic transport

Question 8

What are the 3 enzymes that keep CoQ10 reduced?

Answer 8

1. NADH cytochrome reductase
2. NADH/PH oxidoreductase
3. NADPH CoQ reductase

Question 9

CoQ10 in the liver is packaged into?

Answer 9

VLDL’s

Question 10

In plasma CoQ10 is carried by?

Answer 10

LDL’s

Question 11

What formulations of CoQ10 are more bioavailable?

Answer 11

oil based solubilized (vs powder)

Question 12

High dose of what vit interferes with CoQ10 absorption?

Answer 12

vitamin E

Question 13

Does exogenous CoQ10 down-reg endogenous synthesis?

Answer 13

NO

Question 14

Tissues synthesize CoQ10 from?

Answer 14

farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) and tyrosine

Question 15

FPP is the precursor of?

Answer 15

DPP (decarprenyl prophosphate)

Question 16

Trysoine is the precursor of?

Answer 16

4-hydroxybenoate

Question 17

What is the fundamental building block of CoQ10?

Answer 17

mevalonate

Question 18

What are the essential cofactors for CoQ10?

Answer 18

vitamin B6, iron, and magnesium

Question 19

A missense mutation of the Coq2p gene causes a deficiency in what?

Answer 19

CoQ10

Question 20

What type of cells hold the highest CoQ10 concentrations?

Answer 20

highly metabolically active (cardiac, skeletal m., kidney, liver)

Question 21

50% of the body’s CoQ10 is localized where?

Answer 21

inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 22

What is the primary rolls of CoQ10?

Answer 22

• normal cellular respiration and ATP production

- intercellular antioxidant

Question 23

What is CoQ10’s co-antioxidant?

Answer 23

vit E

Question 24

What regenerates the CoQ10 radical?

Answer 24

dhydrolipoic acid (DHLA) and thioredoxin reductase

Question 25

CoQ10 intake can spare what vitamin?

Answer 25

vit E

Question 26

What molecule functions as a potent gene regulator?

Answer 26

CoQ10

Question 27

What molecules can be conjugated with glucoronide?

Answer 27

CoQ10

Question 28

Why do CoQ10 levels decrease with age?

Answer 28

1. higher oxidative stress which uses more CoQ10 | 2. reduced enzymatic function

Question 29

What organ is most susceptible to a CoQ10 deficiency?

Answer 29

heart

Question 30

What molecules acts at the mitochondrial level to improve heart function and protect against LDL oxidation?

Answer 30

CoQ10

Question 31

How does CoQ10 reduce BP?

Answer 31

quench free radicals that damage vasodilators such as nitric oxide

Question 32

Both cholesterol and CoQ10 synthesis depend on what enzyme?

Answer 32

HMG-CoA reductase

Question 33

What can block HMG-CoA reductase and lead to decreased CoQ10?

Answer 33

statins

Question 34

What is the most serious statin-induced myopathy?

Answer 34

rhabdomyolysis

Question 35

Supplementing with which molecule is recommended to prevent myopathic side effects from statin drugs?

Answer 35

CoQ10

Question 36

What are the 3 forms of omega-3 fatty acids?

Answer 36

ALA, EPA, DHA

Question 37

What are the conditionally essential fatty acids?

Answer 37

EPA and DHA

Question 38

ALA is synthesized by?

Answer 38

plants

Question 39

DHA concentrations are highest where?

Answer 39

retina and cerebral cortex | - EPA is low in all tissues

Question 40

ALA is converted to EPA and DHA in?

Answer 40

SER

Question 41

Final B-oxidation of ALA occurs where?

Answer 41

peroxisome

Question 42

Linoleic acid goes to y-linolenic acid by what enzyme?

Answer 42

fatty acid desaturase 2

Question 43

Linoleic acid goes to y-linolenic acid by what enzyme?

Answer 43

^6 desaturase

Question 44

di-homo-y-linolenic acid goes to arachidonic acid by what enzyme?

Answer 44

^5 desaturase

Question 45

What is the rate limiting step in ALA conversion?

Answer 45

fatty acid desaturase 2 | - decreases with age

Question 46

What is the rate limiting step in ALA conversion?

Answer 46

^6 desaturase | - decreases with age

Question 47

What is the most rapidly oxidized unsaturated FA?

Answer 47

ALA

Question 48

What is the most rapidly oxidized unsaturated FA?

Answer 48

ALA

Question 49

What competes with ALA for access to ^6 desaturase?

Answer 49

LA

Question 50

Stearidonic acid elevates?

Answer 50

EPA, but not DHA

Question 51

What inhibits ^6 and ^5 desaturase and therefore reduces EPA and DHA?

Answer 51

alcohol

Question 52

DHA supp raises what?

Answer 52

EPA | retro-conversion

Question 53

What found in fish is neurotoxic?

Answer 53

methylmercury

Question 54

Why do fish oil supp's contain less mercury than fish?

Answer 54

1. smaller fish are used 2. mercury binds to protein 3. distilling

Question 55

Farmed fish have lower mervury than wild but higher what?

Answer 55

dioxins, PCB, and chlordane

Question 56

There is a larger omega-3 to toxin ratio in farm or fresh fish?

Answer 56

farm

Question 57

Markers for oxidative stress and redox balance, such as MDA, reduced vit C and E, and elevated catalase and glutathione peroxidase are affected by?

Answer 57

Oxidized lipids

Question 58

Which omega-3 are more suseptible to lipid oxidation?

Answer 58

EPA and DHA | - more double bonds

Question 59

What are produced when fish oil oxidizes and eventually break down into secondary oxidation products?

Answer 59

hydroperoxides

Question 60

Steroids inhibit?

Answer 60

phospholipases

Question 61

COX-1, COX-2, and aspirin inhibit?

Answer 61

cyclooxygenase

Question 62

What will replace arachidonic acid at the sn-2 position of the glycerophospholipids?

Answer 62

EPA or DHA

Question 63

EPA inhibits release of arachidonic acid by inhibiting what?

Answer 63

phospholipase A2

Question 64

EPA reduces eicosanoids by inhibiting what enzymes?

Answer 64

COX and 5-LOX

Question 65

What produces resolvins?

Answer 65

EPA and DHA via COX-2, and 5-LOX enzymes

Question 66

Resolvins E1, D1, and neuroprotectin inhibit what?

Answer 66

- IL-1 and TNF | - E-selecctin and ICAM-1 (neutrophil infiltration)

Question 67

NFkB is downregulated by what?

Answer 67

EPA and DHA

Question 68

EPA and DHA binds to and activates what transcription factor?

Answer 68

PPARy --> inhibits NFkB

Question 69

What supports bone formation at moderate levels but promotes bone resorption at high concentrations?

Answer 69

PGE2 --> RANKL receptor of progenitor osteoclasts

Question 70

For what 3 conditions are omega-3 sources most highly recommended?

Answer 70

- hypertriglycerdidemia - HTN - 2^ CV disease

Question 71

Will supplementation with DHA or EPA increase LDL more?

Answer 71

DHA

Question 72

What is the substrate for COX and 5LOX to generate 3-series prostaglandins and 5-series leukotrienes?

Answer 72

EPA

Question 73

3-series prostaglandins and 5-series leukotrienes are what, when compared to arachidonic acid?

Answer 73

anti-inflammatory

Question 74

What are the precursors for anti-inflam resolvins and neuroprotectin-D1?

Answer 74

EPA and DHA

Question 75

EPA/DHA decrease triacylglycerol concentrations by regulating what two nuclear transcription factors?

Answer 75

- Activation of PPAR-alpha | - inactivation of SREBP-1

Question 76

What increases hepatic b-oxidation via activation of lipoprotein lipase?

Answer 76

Activation of PPAR-alpha

Question 77

What decreases lipogenesis via reduced production of fatty acid synthase?

Answer 77

inactivation of SREBP-1

Question 78

What can prevent calcium overload by inhibiting L-type Ca channels during stress?

Answer 78

omega-3's

Question 79

What can increase Ca/Mg ATPase active transports?

Answer 79

omega-3's

Question 80

What can directly stabilize electrical activity?

Answer 80

EPA

Question 81

Which fatty acid is more cardioprotective and why?

Answer 81

DHA, because it increases eNOS

Question 82

Which fatty acid reduced coronary events by 19%?

Answer 82

EPA

Question 83

Which fatty acid more strongly activated PPAR-alpha?

Answer 83

EPA

Question 84

How can omega-3's be anti-inflammatory?

Answer 84

inhibit NF-kB

Question 85

How can omega-3's be pro-apoptotic?

Answer 85

inhibit Bcl-2

Question 86

How can omega-3's be anti-proliferative?

Answer 86

inhibit Ras and TGF-B1

Question 87

How can omega-3's be anti-angiogenic?

Answer 87

inhibit VEGF

Question 88

How can omega-3's be estrogen antagonistic?

Answer 88

down reg of E synthesis or antagonize receptors

Question 89

What serves as a tumor suppressor by activating SDC-1?

Answer 89

PPAR-y

Question 90

What is the proteoglycan that inhibits phosphorylation/activation of transcription factors for cell division?

Answer 90

syndecan-1 (SDC-1)

Question 91

Which omega-3 has stronger anti-proliferative action?

Answer 91

EPA

Question 92

What activates the gene for adipokine adiponectine?

Answer 92

PPARy, which is activated by omega-3's

Question 93

What activates PPAR-alpha and reduces skeletal m. uptake of triacylglycerol?

Answer 93

adiponectine

Question 94

What blocks the phosphorylation of IRS and PI3 kinase leading to reduced GLUT 4 translocation?

Answer 94

free fatty acids