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core 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study of patterns and causes of disease through the collection and analysis of data.

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2
Q

What role does epidemiology play in health status assessment in Australia?

A

It provides trends in disease incidence and prevalence and information about ethnic, socioeconomic, and gender groups.

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3
Q

What are the limitations of epidemiology?

A
  • Do not account for health determinants
  • Fail to explain why health inequities persist
  • Statistics can be manipulated and are open to bias.
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4
Q

Define mortality in epidemiological terms.

A

The number of deaths in a group or from a disease over a specific time period, usually one year.

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5
Q

What does infant mortality refer to?

A

The number of infant deaths, which is a key measure of epidemiology and can predict adult life expectancy.

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6
Q

What is morbidity?

A

The rates for the prevalence and incidence of disease, illness, injury, and disability.

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7
Q

How is life expectancy defined?

A

The number of years a person is expected to live.

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8
Q

Why is identifying priority health issues important?

A

It allows for sufficient funding for healthcare to develop and implement treatment and prevention strategies.

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9
Q

What does the principle of equity mean in social justice?

A

The allocation of resources in accordance with the needs of a population to achieve equality in outcomes.

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10
Q

What is the definition of diversity in the context of health?

A

The variety of and differences between groups in Australian society.

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11
Q

What are supportive environments in health promotion?

A

Environments that protect people from threats to their health and encourage healthier life choices.

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12
Q

What are priority population groups?

A

Groups that experience the highest rates of or are at the greatest risk of a particular disease, illness, or injury.

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13
Q

Define prevalence of condition.

A

The number or proportion of cases in a population at a given time.

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14
Q

What is the potential for prevention and early intervention?

A

The likelihood that treatment can be made successful through prevention and early intervention strategies.

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15
Q

What are the direct costs to individuals related to health issues?

A
  • Cost of medication and treatment
  • Loss of income.
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16
Q

What are the indirect costs to individuals related to health issues?

A
  • Emotional stress
  • Depression
  • Burdens on others
  • Reduced quality of life.
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17
Q

Why is it important to prioritize health issues?

A
  • Fair allocation of resources
  • Optimal efficiency of funding
  • Achieving more equal health outcomes.
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18
Q

What are the health inequities experienced by ATSI individuals?

A
  • Significantly poorer health outcomes
  • Lower life expectancy
  • Higher levels of cancer, diabetes, and CVD.
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19
Q

What are sociocultural determinants affecting ATSI health?

A
  • Subjection to racism
  • Low self-esteem
  • Poor mental health.
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20
Q

What socioeconomic determinants impact ATSI health?

A
  • Low levels of education
  • Poor employment options
  • Lower income.
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21
Q

What environmental factors affect ATSI health?

A
  • Limited access to healthcare in rural areas
  • Poor housing infrastructure.
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22
Q

What responsibilities do individuals have in addressing health inequities?

A

Access information and engage in healthy life choices.

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23
Q

What role do communities play in promoting health?

A
  • Educate the community
  • Encourage participation
  • Provide support.
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24
Q

What is the government’s role in addressing health inequities?

A

Creating health policies and initiatives to support ATSI populations.

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25
What health inequities do socio-economically disadvantaged individuals face?
* Higher levels of lifestyle diseases * Reduced life expectancy * Less access to preventative health services.
26
What sociocultural determinants affect low socioeconomic individuals?
* Higher rates of substance abuse * Domestic violence. * Discrimination.
27
What are the environmental determinants for low socioeconomic individuals?
* Poor housing * Limited access to healthcare services.
28
What is the nature of mental health problems?
Mental health issues compromise overall wellbeing and affect multiple life aspects.
29
What are the three most prevalent mental health issues?
* Depression * Anxiety * Suicide.
30
What are some risk factors for mental health problems?
* Poor social skills * Substance abuse * Family history of mental issues.
31
What are protective factors for mental health?
* School curriculums on mental health * Availability of counselors * Strong social networks.
32
What is coronary heart disease?
Caused by a reduced blood supply to the heart due to narrowed coronary arteries.
33
What is a heart attack?
Occurs when there is a lack of oxygenated blood supply to the heart due to blocked arteries.
34
What are the modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
* Smoking tobacco * High blood pressure * Low physical activity.
35
What are the non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
* Gender * Age * Heredity.
36
What is cancer?
A condition where the body's cells divide uncontrollably, forming tumors.
37
What are benign tumors?
Non-cancerous tumors that do not threaten to spread.
38
What are malignant tumors?
Cancerous tumors that can invade other body parts through metastasis.
39
What are the four classifications of cancer?
* Carcinoma * Sarcoma * Leukemia * Lymphoma.
40
What are benign tumours?
Non-cancerous and have no threat of spreading.
41
What are malignant tumours?
Cancerous and have the possibility to spread to other parts of the body.
42
What is metastasis?
The process where malignant cancer cells invade other parts of the body through the bloodstream and the lymphatic system.
43
What are the four classifications of cancer?
* Carcinoma * Sarcoma * Leukaemia * Lymphoma
44
What is the leading cause of death in Australia?
Cancer.
45
What is the likelihood of Australians being diagnosed with cancer by age 85?
One in two Australians.
46
What are the most common types of cancer in Australia?
* Prostate * Breast * Bowel * Melanoma * Lung
47
What are the risk factors for lung cancer?
* Tobacco smoking * Occupational exposure to cancer-causing agents (e.g., Asbestos) * Air pollution
48
What are the risk factors for breast cancer?
* High fat diet * Family history * Late menopause * Obesity
49
What are the risk factors for skin cancer?
* Fair skin * Prolonged exposure to sun and UV light
50
What protective factors can reduce the risk of skin cancer?
* Sun protection (sunscreen, hats, sunglasses, long-sleeved clothing)
51
What protective factors can reduce the risk of breast cancer?
* Self-examination * Screening * Maintaining healthy weight * Avoid high-fat food and alcohol consumption
52
What protective factors can reduce the risk of lung cancer?
* Avoid or quit smoking tobacco * Healthy and balanced diet
53
What socio-cultural determinant increases cancer risk?
Family history of cancer.
54
How does socio-economic status affect cancer risk?
Low education levels are linked to poor health choices and less knowledge about health services.
55
What environmental factors increase cancer risk?
Living in rural and remote areas with less access to health information and services.
56
Who are groups at risk for cancer?
* Blue collar workers * Smokers and alcohol consumers
57
What percentage of Australia's population is aged 70 years or older?
About 13%.
58
What factors contribute to Australia's ageing population?
* Better healthcare * Better treatments due to technological advancements * Education leading to better choices
59
What is healthy ageing?
Participation in a healthy lifestyle that promotes health and increases quality of life as one ages.
60
What initiatives has the government made to support an ageing population?
* Increasing superannuation * Funding for health departments * Incentives for nurses
61
What factors contribute to an increased population living with chronic disease and disability?
* Ageing population * Sedentary lifestyle due to technology * Increased awareness and medical technology
62
How can future levels of chronic disease be reduced?
Preventative approaches such as increasing health literacy and work safety practices.
63
What has increased demand for health services in Australia?
The population living with chronic disease or disability.
64
What are institutional healthcare services?
* Psychiatric hospital * Public hospital * Private hospital * Nursing homes
65
What are non-institutional healthcare services?
* Health-related services (dentistry, optometry, nursing, ambulance services, physiotherapy) * Pharmaceuticals * Medical services (doctors, specialists)
66
What is the role of the Commonwealth/federal government in health services?
Forms national health policies and controls the health system through funding.
67
What responsibilities do state/territory governments have in healthcare?
Funding healthcare facilities and services based on federal budget allocations.
68
What is the role of local government in health services?
Concerned with environmental care and personal, preventative, and home care services.
69
What is the role of the private sector in health services?
Includes private hospitals, dentists, and alternative health services, often privately owned.
70
What is the role of community groups in health promotion?
Promote and provide health initiatives addressing local needs.
71
What is the responsibility of individuals regarding health services?
Access and utilise health services to maintain health and awareness of risk factors.
72
What challenges exist for equitable access to health facilities?
* Low SES barriers * Language barriers * Geographic barriers
73
What is health expenditure?
Money spent on curative services for people that are already ill.
74
What is expenditure on early intervention and prevention?
Money spent on preventing diseases or intervening during early stages.
75
What is the impact of emerging treatments and technologies on healthcare?
Advances lead to better healthcare but can be expensive and inequitable.
76
What is Medicare?
Australia's universal health care system providing affordable healthcare.
77
What are the advantages of Medicare?
* Accessible to all Australians * Free x-rays and pathology tests * Free treatment in hospitals
78
What are the disadvantages of Medicare?
* Does not cover all services (e.g., dental) * Long waiting lists for elective surgeries
79
What is private health insurance?
Insurance covering costs for private hospitals and ancillary expenses.
80
What are the advantages of private health insurance?
* Shorter waiting times * Choice of doctor or institution * Ancillary benefits
81
What are the disadvantages of private health insurance?
* Expensive and not accessible to all * Must pay premiums even if not using services
82
What are complementary health care approaches?
Approaches that work in conjunction with western medicine.
83
What are alternative health care approaches?
Approaches used instead of conventional medicine.
84
What is acupuncture?
Traditional Chinese medicine involving the insertion of fine needles into the skin.
85
What is chiropractic service?
Specialises in treating spinal, neck, and lower back pain by realigning the spine.
86
What should consumers consider when choosing complementary or alternative therapies?
The credibility of the practitioner and effectiveness of the service.
87
What is the Ottawa Charter?
A framework for health promotion based on five action areas.

pe core 1 & 2 (4 decks)

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