Core 1: FQ2 What are the priority issues for improving Australia's health?

Question 1

Groups experiencing health inequalities

Answer 1

ATSI
socioeconomically disadvantaged
rural and remote people
over-seas born
the elderly
people with disabilities

Question 2

How much lower is the ATSI life expectancy?

Answer 2

10 years lower

Question 3

ASTI mortality rates (male and female)

Answer 3

62 per cent of Indigenous males and 54 per cent of Indigenous females who died were younger than 65 years (2016)

Question 4

Non-ATSI mortality rates (male and female)

Answer 4

21 per cent of non-Indigenous males and 13 per cent of non-Indigenous females who died younger than 65 years (2016).

Question 5

How many times higher is the ATSI mortality rate?

Answer 5

3 times higher

Question 6

How many times higher is the ATSI infant mortality rate?

Answer 6

2 times higher

Question 7

Two trends in ATSI health status:

Answer 7

a decline in death rates from all causes for Indigenous males (reflecting a similar reduction for all Australian males)

a similar decline in death rates for Indigenous females.

Question 8

ASTI health determinants

Answer 8

Socioeconomic determinatns: these include lower levels of education, employment and income.

These indicators are linked to higher health risk factors such as smoking, alcohol abuse, poor housing and exposure to violence.

Sociocultural determinants: the neighbourhood in which they live and the quality of social connections with family,

Question 9

Socioeconomic status

Answer 9

can be broadly measured by a person’s level of income, education, housing and employment.

Question 10

People of lower SES tend to have:

Answer 10

higher mortality and higher levels of illness than those of the more affluent groups in the population. People in the highest SES groups tend to have more choices and resources available to them and they enjoy better health outcomes.

Question 11

T/F: people of higher SES have lower infant mortality rate

Answer 11

true

Question 12

T/F: lower socioeconomic people are less informed to health information and choices

Answer 12

true

Question 13

The decline in heart disease death rates is higher in lower SES or higher SES?

Answer 13

higher SES

Question 14

Smoking prevalence of lower SES

Answer 14

In 2013, of those people 14 years or older, 20 per cent of people with the lowest SES smoked daily, compared with 6.7 per cent of people

Question 15

T/F: people of lower SES are less likely to use preventative health services

Answer 15

True

Eg. family planning, dental check ups, pap smears

Question 16

Mortality rates of lower SES

Answer 16

The 20 per cent of Australians living in the lowest socioeconomic areas in 2014–15 were 1.6 times as likely to have at least two chronic health conditions, such as heart disease and diabetes.

Question 17

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

Answer 17

refers to damage to, or disease of, the heart, arteries, veins and/or smaller blood vessels.

Question 18

Leading cause of death and sickness in Australia

Answer 18

CVD, almost 30% of deaths in 2015

Question 19

coronary heart disease

Answer 19

the poor supply of blood to the muscular walls of the heart by its own blood supply vessels, the coronary arteries

Question 20

stroke

Answer 20

the interruption of the supply of blood to the brain

Question 21

peripheral vascular disease

Answer 21

diseases of the arteries, arterioles and capillaries that affect the limbs, usually reducing blood supply to the legs.

Question 22

Atherosclerosis

Answer 22

is the build-up of fatty and/or fibrous material on the interior walls of arteries.

Question 23

atheroma

Answer 23

is a thickened area of fatty and fibrous deposits on the inside surface of arteries, resulting in atherosclerosis.

Question 24

coronary arteries

Answer 24

are the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle.

Question 25

Angina pectoris

Answer 25

refers to chest pain that occurs when the heart has an insufficient supply of oxygenated blood. Therefore, angina is not really a disease but, rather, a symptom of oxygen deprivation.

Question 26

aneurysm

Answer 26

is the ballooning of the arterial wall due to thinning and weakening. It often results from constant high blood pressure and can lead to a stroke.

Question 27

Nature of CVD

Answer 27

all diseases of the circulatory system - coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure

Question 28

Extent of CVD problem

Answer 28

1 in 5 Australians suffer from CVD 2nd Leading cause of death in aust Death rates are slowly lowering

Question 29

Are death rates for CVD lowering? Why/Why not?

Answer 29

Yes. improvements in medical and surgical treatments

Question 30

Risk Factors for CVD (name 5)

Answer 30

``` hypertension physical inactivity obesity smoking high fat diets ```

Question 31

Protective factors for CVD (name 5)

Answer 31

``` regular exercise regular health checks balanced diet stop smoking limit drinking/stop ```

Question 32

Sociocultural determinants of CVD

Answer 32

genetics family habits that lead to obesity/ poor health decisions sedentary lifestyles peers influence - smoking

Question 33

Socioeconomic determinants of CVD

Answer 33

higher levels of education help to lower CVD incidence education also effects employment CVD is more prevalent in trades and labour employments which is linked to lifestyle choices Lower health choices that are costly - eg won't have a gym membership/ will buy cheaper but unhealthier foods

Question 34

Environmental determinants of CVD

Answer 34

geographic location: rural/ remote areas have higher death rates from CVD because medical treatment is slower to access. the more access you have to health services, the more likely you are to survive CVD. availability of technology also impacts survival.

Question 35

Groups most at risk for CVD

Answer 35

ATSI - 3x as many heart attacks as other Aust over 25 2x more likely to have a stroke. Low SES - 40% higher death rate from CVD Rural/ Remote -higher burden for stroke Elderly - 70% of stroke incidents Smokers Men

Question 36

Nature of Cancer problem in Aust

Answer 36

cancer is cells that have become abnormal and begin to multiply rapidly and uncontrollably. it invades tissues and causes tumours

Question 37

benign tumour: cancerous or not?

Answer 37

not cancerous

Question 38

malignant tumour: cancerous or not?

Answer 38

yes cancerous

Question 39

what is metastasis?

Answer 39

when cancer moves from original site to another place around the body

Question 40

Extent of cancer problem

Answer 40

2nd leading cause of death in aust 1 in 2 probability of getting diagnoses with cancer as a man. 1 in 3 for women

Question 41

what are the main cancers in Australia?

Answer 41

prostate, great, lung, bowel, skin

Question 42

Name 4 trends of cancer

Answer 42

increased incidence increased survival decreased death rates increased cancer prevalence due to early detection

Question 43

What is the risk of dying from cancer (men and women)

Answer 43

men: 1 in 4 women: 1 in 6

Question 44

How much have mortality rates of cancer dropped over the last 20 years?

Answer 44

17%

Question 45

Risk factors for cancer

Answer 45

Behavioural: smoking, alcohol, physical inactivity Family History: genetics - breast cancer gene Occupational and environmental exposures: UV radiation

Question 46

Protective factors for cancer

Answer 46

``` HPV vaccine screening tests for breast cancer prostate examinations balanced diet sun-smart ```

Question 47

Sociocultural determinants for cancer

Answer 47

aussie culture of being in sun genetics inherited from family line behavioural risk factors influenced by peers and family

Question 48

Socioeconomic determinants for cancer

Answer 48

Low levels of education occupational risks Low SES

Question 49

Environmental determinants for cancer

Answer 49

rural/ remote: higher mortality rates, lack of access to health care and exposed to UV radiation.

Question 50

Groups at risk for cancer

Answer 50

Elderly: 70% diagnosis's and 80% of deaths Males: 1.4x incidence ATSI: 10% more likely, 50% higher mortality rate Low SES: higher incidence, higher death rate Rural: higher death rate, lower incidence.

Question 51

What is healthy ageing?

Answer 51

process that involves behaviour and choices that affect health positively. such as physical activity, healthy diet, socialising, contact with family.

Question 52

What is the goal of healthy ageing?

Answer 52

to allow individuals to continue to contribute to the work force longer decrease the pressure on health care system

Question 53

Government aim with healthy ageing

Answer 53

prevent disease reduce illness maintain economic contributions maintain social participation

Question 54

How is healthy ageing achieved?

Answer 54

by helping people make healthy choices and developing healthy behaviours through each stage of life.

Question 55

What is DALYS?

Answer 55

Disabled adjusted life years

Question 56

Impact of increased chronic disease on health system and services

Answer 56

increased demand for GPs, specialists and hospitals. increases cost, and is unsustainable at this rate.

Question 57

T/F: age care has grown by 20% in the last 10 years

Answer 57

True

Question 58

Impact of increased chronic disease on workforce:

Answer 58

increased demand has called for an increase in the work force. increase in physiotherapists etc health service practitioners are trained for age care there is a need to improve efficiency between age care and hospitals to reduce demand of services

Question 59

What is a gov organisation that promotes healthy ageing and its services?

Answer 59

Living longer, living better (age care reform package) - attraction - retention - remuneration - education and training - carer development