Core 1 IQ3: What role do health care facilities and services play in achieving better health for all Australians? Flashcards

Question

How does Medicare help with payments to a GP?

Answer 1

All Australians are eligible to claim refunds for their payments for medical services outside hospitals. The whole or part of the cost of a GP consultation is reimbursed by Medicare (When whole cost is reimbursed, it is known as bulk billing). However, a GP may decide to charge more than what Medicare provides in some scenarios

Answer 2

Attributed to improved access to doctors and the increased promotion and awareness of individual illness prevention strategies such as immunisation

Answer 3

Pharmaceutical, dental, optical and physiotherapy

Answer 4

No, and often they require the patients to either pay out of pocket or through their private insurer, however some can claim rebates through Medicare under the Chronic Disease Benefit Scheme, combined with the Allied Health Initiative However the Child Dental Services Benefit allows free access to public dental services in NSW up to the age of 18

Answer 5

Through the commonwealth government's Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)

Answer 6

Through this scheme, the gov subsidises the costs of a wide range of prescription medicines

Answer 7

General patient contribution - $30.00 max have to pay Concession card holders - $7.30 max have to pay Note: only for PBS covered drugs

Answer 8

This caps the amount a family will pay for PBS subsidised medications in a calender year. The aim is to ensure noone is denied access to medicine they need for financial reasons. In 2018, it is capped at $1563.50 a year for a normal person. However, if the person already holds a concession card, they are eligible for a Safety Net card when they have spent $262.8 on prescriptions A concession card is considered to people with age pensions, disability support pensions etc, attempting to increase equity of access

Answer 9

These are significant in providing an environment which is conducive to positive health. These supports promote health but aren't recognised as part of the healthcare system.

Answer 10

The food industry implementing policies to ensure the production of food meets health regulations and food safety standards, also displaying nutrition information on food packaging Another example could include town planners and engineers who provide infrastructure that is safe and promotes positive health such as safe roads, adequate sanitation and sewerage facilities

Answer 11

a diverse group of clinicians who deliver high-quality care to patients and clients across a wide range of care pathways and in a variety of different settings. However, these providers aren't normally covered by Medicare. Examples include; physiotherapist, osteopath, chiropractor, psychologists, etc.

Answer 12

Commonwealth government State and territory governments Private sector Local government Community groups

Answer 13

Predominantly concerned with the formation of national health policies and the control of health system financing through collection of taxes. Provides funds to the state and territory governments for health care, and influences their health policy making and delivery Also has direct responsibility for special community services, such as health programs and services for war veterans and the Aboriginal community Funds Medicare and PBS Contributes major funds towards certain health projects Research for health

Answer 14

High level residential care Medical services Health research Public hospitals Public health activities

Answer 15

Provide services such as: Hospital services Dental health services Home and community care Mental health programs Women's health programs They also provide major funds to: Community health services, public hospitals, public health activities Helps carry out health promotion

Answer 16

Provides a wide range of services such as private hospitals, dentists and alternative health services (i.e. Chiropractors). These services are approved by the Commonwealth Department of Health. Some private organisations such as the Cancer Council receive funding from both state and Commonwealth governments?

Answer 17

Mainly concern environmental control and a range of personal, preventative and home care services. They include the monitoring of sanitation and hygiene standards in food outlets, waste disposals, monitoring of building standards, immunisation etc. Although the state health department controls some of these services such as immunisation, local councils are responsible for implementing them.

Answer 18

These groups are formed on a local needs basis and established to address specific problems to an area or region. However, where concerns exist nationally, groups are more extensive, usually highly structured and linked in the provision of information, knowledge and support. Examples of prominent groups are Cancer Council NSW Main role is to raise awareness of specific issues, promoting health and organising support services For example, the Aboriginal Medical Services Redfern is a healthcare facility, which provides culturally appropriate healthcare to ATSI people. This is important as it recognises the issue that ATSI have high levels of distrust for medical services due to past experiences --> providing care which appeals to ATSI peoples to allow them to access healthcare and improve their healthcare. FUrthermore, it is known that Redfern has many Aboriginals allowing for a good target of population

Answer 19

Socioeconomic status Knowledge of available services Geographic isolation Cultural and religious beliefs Lack of funding or equipment Shortages of qualified staff

Answer 20

Disadvantaged groups will have limited access to certain services. For example, those living in rural and remote areas will have less access to health facilities and service, especially hospital services. ATSI people have less access to health facilities and services, and also have a lack of trust for them People with lower levels of education also have less access to health facilities and services which can limit their knowledge regaridng their health needs and ability to navigte the system

Answer 21

Using services such as the RFDS and Telehealth technology to provide access to specialists and other services which may not have been able to be previously accessed Allowing for various health information to be displayed in various languages to allow for effective health promotion

Answer 22

Introduction of Medicare and the Pharmaceutical Benefits scheme (PBS), ultimately removing cost as a barrier to a number of health facilities and services but not all. There is also supporting programs such as the Medicare Safety Net (amount of what people need to pay is capped)

Answer 23

Cost hindered 2.4% of people from seeing a GP, 14.8% from seeing a dentist

Answer 24

Allocation of funding and other economic resources for the provision and consumption of health services. Includes expenditure by Aus state and territory governments as well as private health insurance, households and individuals Health spending on health related g+s by the gov

Answer 25

$105.8 billion, representing 16.8% of Aus gov total expenditure

Answer 26

Committed $525.3 million over 4 years from July 2022 to lower PBS safety net thresholds

Answer 27

$224.4 million over 4 years to improve access to health services and support doctors working in rural and remote areas

Answer 28

It will cost more to cure a disease such as coronary heart disease once it has developed than to fund measures to prevent the illness from occurring, this is because procedures to help cure a disease, especially one which is complicated will require expensive procedures using advanced equipment Early intervention may include focussing on education, healthy eating practices, weight control and active lifestyle activities (advertising). However, curative measures such as the treatment of th disease is much more costly and will contribute to health expenditure

Answer 29

Seek early intervention and prevention as well as treatment of disease and illness Health care expenditure still far exceeds expenditure on illness prevention and health promotion

Answer 30

Educating school children on positive health behaviours Better coordination among the various levels of government Higher taxes on products such as alcohol and tobacco Provision of support programs to heelp people give up addictive habits such as smoking and high alcohol consumption

Answer 31

Cost effectiveness; would result in huge savings in funds and resources, as opposed to spending it on treatment Improvement to quality of life; longer healthier life from positive health outcomes Containment of increasing costs; contains the continually increasing costs of healthcare Maintenance of social equity Use of existing structures; uses existing and accessible community structures such as GPs rather than relying on special services and tech Reinforcement of individual responsibility for health; Empowers individuals to take control of thir personal health by modifying behaviour

Answer 32

Yes. DUe to an emphasis on medical treatments to cure illness dominating the allocation of public health resources and spending

Answer 33

Focuses on the social factors that lead to ill health. Places emphasis on health promotion as the most cost-effective way to address social issues of health

Answer 34

SunSmart - cancer Slip, Slop, Slap Drink driving campaigns

Answer 35

Made them aware of the importance of preventative health for their patients and promoting positive lifestyles, especially because 82% of Australians see their GP at least once a year, so they are the frontline form of advocacy

Answer 36

Seat belts in cars Plain packaging for cigarettes Mass immunisations

Answer 37

Cancer screening programs (Breast, prostate, skin etc)

Answer 38

Around $2 billion a year, with main expenses going to immunisation, health promotion and cancer screening programs

Answer 39

Includes benefits to health outcomes, but also an increase in cost and raise questions of equity of access. Improvement in elective surgeries, resulting in less pains, shorter hospital stays and improved recovery from surgery

Answer 40

Development of new drugs that assist treatment of HIV. Many HIV sufferers can now look forward to a longer life expectancy Genetic testing (which will enable healthcare professionals to find a disease earlier --> early intervention) Advancements in developing prosthetics to replace missing limbs Advancing the treatment of eye conditions with drugs rather than lasers Development of tch such as MRI scans which are expensive but are critical in improving health outcoms

Answer 41

All tech comes at a price, and in the context of a largely publicly funded health care system, balancing the cost of new tech, limited resources and the need to maintain health at an acceptable level is difficult Research, development, testing etc. amount to millions of dollars, making some tech unaffordable unless privately donated or subsidised by the government

Answer 42

Regular mammogram testing for breast cancer Pap smears and use of vaccines to prevent HPV infection

Answer 43

Skin cancer is being targeted by research, as it is the most common form of cancer, making developing a prevention or early intervention method extremely important

Answer 44

Screening programs are not as invasive as the surgery that might be required should the condition progress undetected. For example, a mammogram involving an x-ray of the breast, may reveal a tumour, requiring keyhole surgery, which is opposed to the breast needing to be removed if the tumour got worse

Answer 45

Socioeconomic circumstances and geographic location may influence health care to the point where the diagnostic, treatment and/or rehabilitation processes are not fully utilised. For example, cardiac patients may have limited access to exercise facilities in some areas, socioeconomic conditions may inhibit families in poorly maintained houses from understanding and addressing childhood asthma, and language barriers may make it difficult for some people to understand the extent or locations of the screening services that are available to them. Ultimately access is an issue affecting people from participating in early detection and treatment programs

Answer 46

Medicare is Australia's universal health-care system, established to provide Australians with affordable and accessible health care. Funds to operate the Medicare system are obtained from income axes and Medicare Levy, paid according to income level (currently 2% of a person's taxable income) Regardless of what doctors or specialists charge, every Australian is covered for 85 per cent of an amount that is set down by the government as a common (scheduled) fee. Some doctors charge more than the scheduled fee. Many doctors bulk bill patients, which means the patient pays nothing and the doctor receives up to 100 per cent (85 per cent in the case of specialists) of the scheduled fee from Medicare.

Answer 47

free treatment as a public patient in a public hospital free or subsidised treatment by medical practitioners, including GPs, specialists, and some specified services of optometrists and dentists.

Answer 48

Private dentistry, physiotherapy, chiropractic treaatment

Answer 49

Little choice of care provider (They can choose their own GP, but if using hospital care, no choice other than hospital they go to) Doesn't have many ancillary benefits Could be subject to long wait times No choice of when and where you're operated on and who performs the surgery

Answer 50

Free or lower cost for prescription medicines (Under the PBS) Guarantees free or cheaper access to a wide range of health and hospital services

Answer 51

Shorter waiting times for treatment Ancillary benefits such as dental cover Private rooms in hospital Having a doctor of their own choice in hospital Choice of own hospital Cover overseas

Answer 52

Expenses such as dental, physiotherapy and chiropractic services

Answer 53

As equity of access is vital in improving the health of all Australians, and private health insurance is expensive and is designed to benefit the people with higher socioeconomic status

Answer 54

Quite expensive, could be paying thousands of dollars in premiums each year, with costs increasing annually Could still end up paying a substantial amount, as a private health insurance policy may only cover part of the cost of a treatment or procedure

Answer 55

Aged Based discount reduces the cost of starting private health insurance for people aged between 18 and 29. If purchasing hospital cover after 31st birthday, will have to pay the Lifetime Health Cover loading on top of premium, which increases each year over 30 yo. Receiving a rebate from the Aus gov for Aussies with private health insurance to help cover cost of premiums. This is based on income and age Medicare Levy Surcharge; Calculated at the rate of 1% to 1.5% of income which is paid on top of the Medicare Levy of 2%. People have to pay this if they don't have private hospital cover and earn above a certain income

Answer 56

Fall in membership of private health insurance funds creates pressures on the public health system, especially due to the ageing population

Answer 57

The degree of access to health services relies heavily on an individuals sociocultural, socioeconomic and environmental determinants. This being, that the access to healthcare in Australia is more accessible for certain groups than others. There has been an attempt by the government to make the access more equitable for all Australians through numerous approaches The Australian Government has made an attempt in the concern for equity in health services through health promotion initiatives and policies put into place. The purpose of doing this is to make access to health services a priority, and accessible for all Australians. A rather effective attempt of this approach is Medicare, which is an example of horizontal equity approach. The aim of Medicare is to provide public health to all Australians, regardless of socioeconomic status. For example, Medicare covers the costs of majority of GP visits by bulk billing, free of charge. This aim is to improve the equity of access to services for all peoples. Medicare provides basic healthcare to all Australians to assist in the equity of health services and does so by providing large amounts of funds. This heavily assists people of low socioeconomic status who may not have the money to pay for adequate health care that they need. The Australian Government has also put the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme into place to reduce the inequities of health and ultimately improve access to health services. The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) subsidises most prescription medicines to allow all individuals access to necessary prescription medicines. This scheme has proven to be effective in providing equity amongst Australians regarding health care as it allows individuals to have access to needed medicines. Although the government has made a rather strong attempt at providing healthcare to all Australians, there are still certain groups at disadvantage of access to health services. This includes Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders (ATSI) and Rural and Remote living people. These groups have inequities among their sociocultural, socioeconomic and environmental determinants of health. These determinants have a large impact in overall health status, and the approach to these groups regarding access to health care is slowly improving but is still lacking. Inequities can also be largely seen in rural areas, however there has been approaches in reducing these inequities through vertical equity approaches, including the Royal Flying Doctors service, which assists in the delivery of healthcare to people in rural areas.

Answer 58

Horizontal equity and vertical equity

Answer 59

Horizontal equity takes the position that when the needs of two individuals are comparable, the treatment provided should be equal. Consider the Medicare, Australia’s national public health insurance; all residents of Australia are able to access basic healthcare equally. The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, also known as PBS, is another initiative provided by the Australian government which ensure that prescription medicine will be available to all Australian, at affordable prices.

Answer 60

Vertical equity is needed when groups or individuals are in high need of healthcare but are unable or have less access to services and facilities. Aboriginal and Torres Strait individuals as well as migrants, and refugees, who experiencing language and cultural barriers, fall under this category.

Answer 61

Refers to healing practices that don't fall within the area of conventional medicine. Includes things such as hypnosis, meditation and acupuncture

Answer 62

2/3 of Australians according to various gov surveys, according to textbook

Answer 63

Opportunity to exercise choice and exert greater control over their health through empowerment Some CAM treatments are more effective for treatment for many people for whom modern med has become ineffective Desire for natural/herbal medicines over synthetically produced medicines Increased migration and increased acceptance by Australians of the value of multicultural influences. For example, this could lead to the introduction of various traditional Chinese medicines such as acupuncture, herbal medicine and more WHO recognising the usefulness of many alternative approaches and its endorsement of a list of medicinal plants to be used in preparation of herbal medicines

Answer 64

Acupuncture Aromatherapies The Bowen Therapeutic Technique Chiropractic Herbalism Iridology Massage Meditation Naturopathy

Answer 65

Use of pure essential oils to influence or modify the mind, body or spirit. Essential oils can be inhaled through vaporisers and applied through baths and massage. Aromatherapy is used in the treatment of depression, sleep disorders, stress symptoms and anxiety.

Answer 66

Involves small moves of varying pressures at different parts of the body. Supposedly gently realigns the body and balances and stimulates energy flow. This has the effect of supporting the self healing properties of the body. The technique is believed to be effective in the treatment of soft-tissue injuries, musculoskeletal problems, arthritic symptoms, migraines,

Answer 67

Chiropractors 'adjust' the spine using specific rapid thrusts delivered by the hand or small instruments

Answer 68

Iridology is the analysis of the human eye to detect signs of the individual’s physical, emotional and spiritual well-being. A range of naturopathic treatments can then be prescribed to improve general and immune system health.

Answer 69

Massage therapy is the practice of kneading or manipulating a person's muscles and other soft-tissue in order to improve their wellbeing Massage is one of the oldest and simplest forms of therapy. It is an excellent method of inducing relaxation. It helps reduce blood pressure, stress and anxiety levels, and overall it is beneficial to the immune system.

Answer 70

It is a state of inner stillness. It involves focusing on an object, breathing or verbally repeating a word (mantra). With practice, the individual can reach a meditative state, in which they experience inner peace and stillness. The benefits of meditation include strengthening of the immune system, improved sleep, lower blood pressure and increased motivation and self-esteem.

Answer 71

Naturopathy focuses on the holistic treatment of the individual by seeking to address symptoms of illness as well as resolving underlying causes of illness. Essentially uses techniques such as control of diet, exercise and massage (essentially treatment without the use of drugs)

Answer 72

Acupuncture originated from China approximately 3000 years ago. It involves inserting fine needles into specific points son the skin to restore balance and encourage body to heal itself. It is believed to be able to stimulate the central nervous system, which may stimulate the body's natural healing abilities and promote physical and emotional wellbeing. Generally costs $70-100. Needs a bachelor degree in Aus.

Answer 73

Uses plants and herbs exclusively to treat illnesses or diseases. Herbalists use the whole plant form of a medicine rather than chemical extracts from plants. Herbalists attempt to find the root cause of illness. Practitioners will choose herbs based on the symptoms or ailments a patient describes during the consultation. Benefits may include that it is natural healing and mitigates side effects. Costs range from $40-150. Will need a qualification in herbal medicine such as a Bachelor of health science (Western Herbal Medicine)

Answer 74

A person should look for qualifications, registration, regulations and research. Will need to research on the internet about certain complementary and alternative health care and need to make sure it is reliable info. May want to look at government websites as well as academic journal articles or academic professionals

Answer 75

Ask the person questions such as: what qualifications do you have? Are your registered? What evidence is there for this treatment? Are there side effect? If so are they common? Will treatment affect other treatments I might or am receiving? The person should have reasonable qualifications for their fields and be able to answer these questions, if they can't they are not reliable sources

Answer 76

In order to make an informed consumer choices you should gather a reasonable amount of relevant information from reliable sources. Information should include: the philosophy behind the treatment, the process of the treatment, possible side effects of the treatment, qualifications needed to provide treatment, and academic evidence for the effectiveness of the treatment. This information can be sourced from registration bodies or professional associations, or the complementary and alternative health practitioner. You should also consult your GP for any advice they may have.

Answer 77

Chiropractic medicine, naturopathy and acupuncture

Answer 78

Social Justice basically means upholding human rights, and it involves advocating for people, valuing diversity and more. There are three main principles of social justice which are equity, diversity and supportive environments.

Answer 79

Basically means promoting fairness and achieving equality. It involves providing equal opportunities to everyone, and providing the resources for those who may not be doing as well to perform better in terms of health. Health promotion equity is about everyone having a good level of health. An example of this is Medicare enabling everyone to have access to a minimum, equal health system

Answer 80

Diversity basically means the valuing of people for who they are and ensuring that the health promotion campaigns meet their needs and is developed in an appropriate manner, catering for all the different types of people. For health promotion, it has to take into account the diverse nature of the audience An example of this is the Close the Gap campaign, in which health services are provided in different ATSI dialects/languages to cater for the different tribe languages.

Answer 81

Supportive environments attempt to uphold basic human rights through the maintenance of healthy development of physical, social and online environments. An example of this is schools having a strict 'no bully' environment

Answer 82

Much of this relates to health technologies used in diagnostic procedures, such as ultrasound, keyhole surgery and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In Australia, non-invasive surgery (laparoscopy, for example) is preferred in many cases to conventional ‘open’ surgical procedures. It generally results in less pain, shorter hospital stays and faster recovery times. These advantages are particularly significant for the elderly, because they face reduced risks and improved recovery from surgery

Answer 83

HPV vaccine Keyhole surgery Genetic testing New HIV drugs and chemotherapy Artificial organs Ultrasound, MRI used for imaging etc.

Answer 84

Introduced from 1 July 2000, this incentive givess lower lifetime premiums to people who join a health insurance fund early in life and maintain their hoosspitala cover, compared ith the premiums for someone who joins aftter age 30

Answer 85

Allows for basic medical services (doctors and specialists) Choice of General practitioner Basic hospital seervices in public hosspitaalas Specialist health care Cover for 85% of the scheduled fee for medical services which aren't bulk billed

Answer 86

Hospital cover for (hospital services, doctor of choice, hospital of choice, private or public hospital) Ancillary services such as dental and optical Cover wwhile overseas

Core 1 IQ3: What role do health care facilities and services play in achieving better health for all Australians? Flashcards

(113 cards)