Core 1 IQ2: What are the priority issues for improving Australia's health? Flashcards

Question

What are the symptoms of stroke?

Answer 1

Sudden confusion Trouble speaking Lack of coordination, dizziness Difficulty walking Paralysis on one side of the body

Answer 2

F - Face A - Arms S - Speech T - Time

Answer 3

Heart failure occurs when the heart muscle doesn't pump blood as well as it should. It is a reflection of the heart's inability to cater for the demands placed on it during every day life. It doesn't mean that the heart has stopped beating Typically occurs because the heart is unable to compensate for; atherosclerosis, heart attacks, high blood pressure, defective heart valves, and more A critical symptom is repeated breathlessness

Answer 4

Decreases blood flow, reduces exercise tolerance, weakness, confusion, increased pressure in lungs --> difficulty breathing, enlargement of heart to compensate for he problem Typically caused by a heart attack

Answer 5

Causes pressure to build up in the right atrium, so blood cant return to the heart from the body in the usual way, causes issues with the legs and thee liver

Answer 6

Peripheral vascular disease is the reduced circulation of blood to a body part other than the brain or heart

Answer 7

Result of reduced blood flow to the legs and feet, usually due to atherosclerosis and/or arteriosclerosis. Given a slowed flow of blood to the leg muscles, walking results in a cramping feeling 9/10 of people with this are smokers

Answer 8

Tingling sensations in the feet and tightness (cramping in the legs and buttocks, particularly after exercise. It may lead to gangrene

Answer 9

Should discuss the mortality, morbidity and how many people it has affected, its trends

Answer 10

1.2 Million Australians - 6.2% of adult population (NEED TO CHECK THIS STAT)

Answer 11

Over 35 years from 1980 to 2015, there has been a steady decline in CVD death rates. Death rates have fallen from 560 to 151 deaths peer 100 000 people

Answer 12

Cause 27% of deaths in Aus in 2021. Death rates from CVD has declined considerably over recent decades, showing signs of continuing to fall.

Answer 13

Declining overall, however th decline in younger age groups have slowed relative to improvements made in older age groups

Answer 14

Reduction in the levels of risk factors; implementation of prevention strategies have led to a reduction in smoking levels, increased monitoring of hypertension levels and diet modifactions Improved medical care and treatment; which have ultimately led to reduced mortality and improved quality of life

Answer 15

Risk factors increasing the chance of CVD and mortality from CVD include: A family history of heart disease. People with family history of heart disease are more likely to develop CVD Gender. The cardiovascular disease death in men aged up to 50 years is higher than in women. This is largely due to hormones, as oestrogen is thought to be a protective factor for CVD Advancing age; The risk of CVD increases with age

Answer 16

Smoking; The risk of heart attack and stroke is doubled by heavy smoking, risk of sudden cardiac death is also higher. Raise blood fat levels; the higher the blood cholesterol levels, the higher risk of heart disease. A diet high in fat can raise cholesterol levels High blood pressure; The risk of heart disease, stroke and heart failure all increase with hypertension. It can overload the heart and blood vessels and speed up atherosclerosis Physical inactivity; the association of inactivity with obesity, high blood pressure and high fat levels makes it a significant contributor to the development of heart disease

Answer 17

Regular physical activity Maintaining healthy eight Avoiding exposure to tobacco and tobacco smoke Consuming a diet low in salt Lo consumption of alcohol

Answer 18

Should discuss sociocultural, socioeconomic and environmental determinants

Answer 19

People with a family history of CVD are more at risk Asians are less prone to getting CVD due to a generally low-fat diet ATSI people more at risk as they are associated with have lower socioeconomic status and lower edu levels Media exposure (Cultural factor) to the effects of smoking on health have lead to a reduction in smoking rates and a declining trend in CVD

Answer 20

People with a low socioeconomic status or who are unemployed have higher death rates because income can limit health choices, such as purchasing fresh fruit and vegetables and using exercise facilities. People with low education levels are more at risk as poor education is linked to poor health choices and less knowledge about how to access and use health services.

Answer 21

People living in rural and remote areas are more at risk as thy tend to have less access to health info, health services and tech, such as electrocardiogram monitors

Answer 22

Tobacco smokers People with family history of CVD People with high fat diets People with high blood pressure Males People aged over 65 years Blue-collar workers (labourers and tradespeople) - may have higher levels of smoking, alcohol consumption and high fat diets

Answer 23

1.6% in males 1.1% in females

Answer 24

65+ have had 71% of people having a stroke

Answer 25

11% of CVD hospitalisations and 0.6% of total hospitalisations

Answer 26

About 162, 200 new cases of cancer were diagnosed in Aus

Answer 27

Largely due to a rise in the number of diagnosed prostate cancer in males and breast canceer in females. This trend may have been the result of increased prostate specific antigen testing and the introduction of national cancer screening programs

Answer 28

What is it? What are the different forms of this disease? Potential causes of this disease

Answer 29

Refers to a diverse group of several hundred diseases with a common feature - the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal body cells. It involves a mutation and is believed to originate from a single cell whose genetic material has been influenced or damaged by some foreign agent. The changed cell divides and multiplies uncontrollably, transferring its damaged genetic material to its offspring cells. Eventually, a tumour develops and cells that would normally work together for the benefit of the tissue continue to multiply independently, starving other nearby cells of nourishment. This group of cells is now referred to as a neoplasm.

Answer 30

Benign tumours Malignant tumours

Answer 31

These aren't cancerous. They generally grow slowly, surrounded by a capsule that leads to control their spread. Usually the cure is surgical removal. They may cause some damage by robbing surrounding tissue of necessary nutrients or interfering with the function of vital organs, but generally aren't too harmful

Answer 32

These are cancerous. Without the restraint of a controlled capsule, they can spread to other parts of thee body, starve surrounding tissue of necessary nutrients and invade healthy tissue. These can cause sickness and death

Answer 33

These are secondary or new tumours. They may develop some distance from the original malignant tumour, because the malignant tumour has the ability to invade surrounding tissues, blood vessels and lymphatic channels, spreading into either the bloodstream or lymph fluid, and travelling to the other parts of the body Both metastases and malignant tumours are capable of spreading to many sites throughout the body, affecting the whole body with the disease

Answer 34

These are agents that are known to cause cancer. However, the precise causes of cancer is a mystery.

Answer 35

Chemicals, pollution, radiation, cigarette smoke, dietary factors and alcohol

Answer 36

Carcinoma; Skin; membranes lining the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts; the breasts Sarcoma; bones, cartilage, muscles Leukaemia; blood forming organs such as bones the liver and the spleen Lymphoma; infection fighting organs (glands and the spleen)

Answer 37

YES it is the OVERALL leading cause of death (as it encompasses breast, prostate, lung and more different cancers which contribute to a high mortality rate)

Answer 38

Tobacco smoking Occupational exposure to carcinogns such as asbestos Air pollution

Answer 39

A family/personal history of the disease Obesity Early onset of menstruation A high fat diet Late menopause

Answer 40

A fair skin that burns rather than tans High number of hours of bright sunlight at place of residence Prolonged exposure to the sun, especially as a child and adolescent Number and type of moles on the skin Fair or red hair and blue eyes, combined with residence in high sun exposure areas

Answer 41

Tobacco - 30% of all deaths from cancer Diet - 10-70% Sexual reproductive patterns - 7% Occupational factors - 4% Alcohol factors - 4%

Answer 42

Avoid exposure to tobacco smoke Avoid exposure to hazardous materials such as asbestos

Answer 43

Consume a high diet in fruits and vegetables, and low in fat Have regular mammograms if over the age of 50 years old (government allows for free mammograms for any woman over the age of 50yo, looking to get screened for breast cancer) Practise self examination (i.e. paying attention to own body and if something feels off)

Answer 44

Avoid excess exposure to strong sunlight Reduce exposure to the sun by wearing a hat, sunscreen, protective clothing and sunglasses

Answer 45

Cigarette smokers People exposed to occupational or environmental hazards such as asbestos People working in blue collar occupations (labourers / manual work) Men and women aged over 50 years old

Answer 46

Women aged over 50 years old Women who have late menopause Women who start menstruating at an early age Obese women Women who have never given birth Women who have a direct relative with breast cancer (i.e. mother or sister)

Answer 47

People with fair skin People in outdoor occupations People who spend too much time in the sun without protection such as hats and sunscreen People in lower latitudes (UV intensity is greater at lower latitudes)

Answer 48

People living in rural and remote areas are more at risk, as they tend to have less access to health information, health services such as Pap smears, and technology, such as breast screening devices.

Answer 49

People in occupations involving repeated exposure to carcinogens, such as asbestos, are more at risk of lung cancer. People working outdoors, such as lifeguards, are more prone to getting skin cancer. Those with a low socioeconomic status or who are unemployed have higher death rates as income can limit health choices, such as purchasing fresh fruit and vegetables and using exercise facilities. People with low education levels are more at risk as poor education is linked to poor health choices and less knowledge about how to access and use health services.

Answer 50

People with a family history of cancer Incidence of lung cancer and cervical cancer higher in ATSI peoples as they tend to have hihger smoking levels and less access to health services If your family practises health-promoting behaviours, such as adopting healthy eating habits, the risk of cancer is reduced.

Answer 51

It is the only major cause of death in Aus which has been increasing in incidence for both sexes. The most significant increases in the past two decades have been for breast cancer, skin cancer and melanoma (malignant skin cancer), as well as prostate cancer Increasing from 383/100 000 to 503/ 100, 000

Answer 52

Ageing of the population Better detection of cancer New diagnostic tech and screening programs Better reporting of cancer

Answer 53

Non-melanoma skin cancers (these can be self detected and removed by a GP)

Answer 54

Prostate cancer (24, 217), melanoma of the skin (10, 374), colorectal cancer (8, 300 cases), lung cancer (7, 707) Coming from AIHW 2022

Answer 55

Breast cancer (20, 428), colorectal cancer (7, 413), melanoma of the skin (7, 382), lung cancer (6, 822)

Answer 56

From 209/ 100, 000 to 145/ 100, 000

Answer 57

Accounts for 56% of deaths in 2022, (i.e. more than females with 44%)

Answer 58

Increase by around 22% from 2021 to 2031

Answer 59

Yes it dos, so Aus with the ageing population and decreased total mortality rates can expect the number of cancer cases to continue to rise

Answer 60

1.3 million cancer related hospitalisations - accounting for 1/9 of all hospitalisations in Aus

Answer 61

70% chance of surviving for at least 5 years after diagnosis - Females: 72%, males: 69% - 2014-2018 stats It has increased from the 1990s from around 52% to 70%

Answer 62

Grown from 0.5% in 1970 to 2.1% of total population in 2020

Answer 63

Itis expected to increase to 4.4% in 2066 (85+)

Answer 64

Consisted of 8.4% in 1970 to 16% of total population in 2020

Answer 65

the process of developing and maintaining the functional ability that enables wellbeing in older age It is a process that includes various behaviour and choices that affect health such as regular physical activity, good dietary choices, regular family contact and social activities. The goal of healthy ageing is to enable the elderly to maintain their health into old age, allowing them to contribute and engage in society better Healthy ageing involves people reducing their risk factors for disease, and preventing the progression of the disease after its onset and reducing morbidity and mortality

Answer 66

Enables an increase in economic growth because of the ability to continue working, but also decreases the use of health services by the elderly, who are the largest users of health care system Ultimately improves QOL and decreases diasbility adjusted life years

Answer 67

Prevent disease Reduce illness and illness periods Maintain economic contributions Maintain social participation

Answer 68

Helping people to make good healthy choices and develop healthy behaviours throughout each stage of life Health care professionals can provide advice about lifestyle, managing disease and avoiding complications Improving the physical balance of an elderly person, to help avoid falls and fractures in the elderly Attempting to keep elderly in employment as it contributes to the EG, and also allows for the elderly to maintain a social aspect to their life, providing meaning Promoting health and social services in the community to allow elderly to remain in their own homes for as long as possible

Answer 69

There is an increased population living with chronic disease and disability, especially because these diseases and disabilities are more prevalent in the elderly Decreased QOL and independence

Answer 70

80% of older Australians (65+) have had at least one selected chronic health condition in 2021

Answer 71

Arthritis is the most common condition with older people, with 49% - 1.8 million people reporting that they have it

Answer 72

It will mean that they have to take more time off work, and are less likely to be employed full time, being more likely to be unemployed

Answer 73

65-69, 70-74 years of age

Answer 74

In 2019, 87% of those people had at least one mental health condition

Answer 75

from 8.5% in 1995 to 16.8% in 2017-18

Answer 76

Diabetes Arthritis Mental health Chronic pain

Answer 77

Increased residential aged care places More funding for dementia care in aged care Incentives for people to remain in their homes Attracting, retaining and training aged care workers

Answer 78

That they are unable to contribute to the workforce, leading to general shortages of labour

Answer 79

A means tested pension to provide income for people after retirement Aus employees required to provide compulsory super cover for all eligible employees Voluntary, private superannuation contributions and other forms of private savings made by employees are encouraged

Answer 80

A growing and ageing population increases the demand for health services and creates workforce shortages in the health service as an increase in the workforce would be required. There is concern that the ageing population will increase public spending on health and place an unsustainable strain on the health system trying to serve the increasing cliental. This is especially because an increase in age typically leads to an increase in health conditions and disability There is an increase in health conditions and disability such as arthritis, mental health conditions, dementia, diabetes and cancer. There is also an increased visiting of health services In the last 10 years, the number of people living in aged care facilities has risen by 20%, reflecting the growing and ageing population, causing much of the workforce to have to go into that sector to be able to care for all the elderly

Answer 81

The increase in aged care facilities also require an increase in workforce training in aged care and issues surrounding chronic diseases and disability. An ageing population requires an adequate health workforce. This relates to not only the number in the workforce, but their distribution and skills as well. Of particular concern is the increased demand for workforce in the aged care sector and specialists. There will also be an increased pressure on the economy to help provide for the elderly. There is an increased burden on the working class to pay for retirement programs for the elderly by the gov, there is also a decreased labour workforce

Answer 82

Yes they are massively more likely (97.2% vs 72.2% for GP and 57.4% compared to 28% for medical specialist)

Answer 83

Focus on efficient coordination of care. The elderly have higher rates of multiple diseases and disability and coordinated care and a focus on safe use of medication would decrease the demand for health services and workforce shortages

Answer 84

In 2012 the Australian government introduced the Living Longer, Living Better aged care reform package, which aims to address the attraction, retention, remuneration, education, training and career development of aged care workers, in order to address workforce shortages.

Answer 85

A carer is someone who provides assistance in a formal paid or informal unpaid role for someone due to illness, disease or disability

Answer 86

Involves activities such as bathing, cooking, home upkeep and adminstering medications for the elderly

Answer 87

Family members, particularly children or a spouse. They may have to decrease their workload to provide care, and thus results in a worsening economy, as there is less hours being worked

Answer 88

Charities, religious institutions or the government

Answer 89

Yes they do. Caring and volunteering is recognised as productive activities. Australians aged 65+ contribute $7.56 bn in social production through volunteering according to USYD in 2021. Thus, their volunteering work does play a significant part in our economy despite what many people think They can also provide support for relatives and friends who are aged, sick, or living with a disability. They provide regular care for grandchildren, enabling parents to contribute to the economy

Answer 90

Low fertility levels and increased life expectancy at birth

Answer 91

Anglicare, Alzheimer's Australia NSW, Anglican retirement villages; these volunteers often cook, drive, do housework, visiting or help the elderly shop.

Answer 92

They have been increasing since the 1990s to 2010, but then 2010-2014, the rate of volunteers fell from 36% to 31% of people 18+, and this falling rate needs to be turned if Aus is going to care for the needs of the growing and ageing population

Answer 93

Skin, lung and breast cancers

Answer 94

Skin cancer. This is largely due to prolonged exposure to UV radiation. It's incidence

Answer 95

Breast Cancer (top if ignoring non-melanoma skin cancer) - 20 030 cases Melanoma of the skin (harmful skin cancer) - 16, 878 (note if including non-melanoma in skin cancer, it will be the top) Lung cancer - 13, 810 cases 2021

Answer 96

Lung Cancer - 27/100000 Breast cancer - 16 / 100000 Skin Cancer - no results Table 8.2

Answer 97

Cigarette smoking (the main cause of lung cancer) Second hand smoking exposure to carcinogens in the work place Exposure to asbestos

Answer 98

Although there is no known cause of breast cancer, there are a number of factors increasing the risk, including: Being female Early menstruation (at an early age) Late menopause Late first pregnancy/not having children A diet high in fat/obesity Family history Being old `

Answer 99

Encouraging regular breast self examination and mammographic screening every two years for women aged over 50 years to be able to prevent it early

Answer 100

A lighter natural skin colour Certain types and a large number of moles. A family history of skin cancer. A personal history of skin cancer. Older age. Lack of application of sunscreen

Answer 101

Introducing the slip slop slap campaign, which provides lots of advertisements for many, which is catchy, reminding people to take part in protective behaviours such as applying sunscreen when going out in the hot sun There has also been sunscreen at outdoor pools

Answer 102

A wide range of conditions that affect mood, thinking and behaviour

Answer 103

Includes a wide range of mental disorders, the most prevalent being: anxiety, depression, and substance use disorders. These mental health illnesses can range in severity They have a significant impact on people's ability to function socially, emotionally and cognitively. People with mental health problems and illnesses are often isolated and experience stigma because of their condition

Answer 104

It may lead to drug abuse, physical neglect and early pregnancy (as forms of poor health choices)

Answer 105

People who have experienced recent crisis or trauma People under stress People with chronic depression Elderly people People affected by drugs/alcohol Indigenous people Teenagers Young LGBTIQ people

Answer 106

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are more at risk of suicide and depression, due to higher levels of drug and alcohol abuse in household, compared to other Australians. People with a family history of mental illness are more at risk. People who have had a falling out with peers, or who have been exposed to bullying, are more at risk. People who have had broken or dysfunctional families

Answer 107

People with a low socioeconomic status or who are unemployed have higher rates of mental health problems, as these groups tend to engage more in substance abuse, compared to those of a higher socioeconomic status. People in a high stress job Poor up bringing and lower socioeconomic status including homelessness where further harsh treatment often results

Answer 108

Rural, young males are at a higher risk of suicide than urban, young males because they have less access to support services and fewer job prospects.

Answer 109

Individual: Risk taking behaviours (such as taking alcohol and taking drugs --> alter chemical makeup of brain), Family history of mental disorders Family: Family conflict including domestic violence, inconsistent or unclear discipline and lack of warmth by parents Peers - poor pear role models that aren't inclusive or use drugs, alcohol and violence School - Bullying or discrimination Community - Neighbourhood violence or crime and exclusion, social and cultural discrimination and racism, poor access to recreational activities and support services

Answer 110

Individuals: Engaging in physical activity, regulation of emotions Family: Supportive family life, free from conflict Peers: Positive peer role models, health promoting behaviours amongst peers School: Policies on behaviour and bullying, Supportive relationships with teachers and peers Community: Access to support services, safe and inclusive community

Answer 111

8.6 million have experienced a mental disorder at some time in their life (44% of the population)

Answer 112

harmful use of alcohol - around 2 million Social phobia (anxiety disorder) - 963 000 PTSD - 695 400 2021

Answer 113

Social phobia (anxiety disorder) - 1.7million PTSD - 1.4 million Affective disorders such as Depressive episodes 1.28 million 2021

Answer 114

Anxiety disorders - social phobia (17% of Australians) Affective disorders such as depressive episodes(mood disorders) - 8% Substance use disorders (alcohol and drug dependence) - 3% of population Note this is the population in 2020-21

Answer 115

Yes it has changed, it has increased relatively drastically

Answer 116

Mental and substance use disorders accounted for a large proportion of this

Answer 117

Amount of people who have experieinced mental health issues Causes of mental illness in men and women in 2020-21 which gender is more likely to experience anxiety and mood disorders Suicide rates for genders and age most common mental health issues Depression in women vs men

Answer 118

Suicide is a deliberate act of self inflicted injury with the intention of killing themselves Self harm/self injury refers to the behaviour of a person deliberateluy causing pain or damage to their own body without suicidal intent. It is a response to emotional or psychological distress

Answer 119

11.6 / 100 000 in 1984 12 / 100 000 in 2020 Overall it has been fluctuating around thayt mark in recent decades, however, suicide death rates seem to rise with social events such as the great depression, WW1 and WW2

Answer 120

Close to peak during 1987 - 23.3 / 100 000 2021 - 18.2 Good to see that it is going down, which can be attributed to the lowering of stigmatisation around the topic

Answer 121

1987 - 6 / 100 000 2021 - 6.1 / 100 000 Has been around the same, and is lower than the men suicide rate as they are more likely to seek help

Answer 122

15-19 , in 2021 the suicide rate was 13.1 per 100000, which has increased from the less than 10 / 100000 throughout 1907-1970

Answer 123

85+ at around 36.4 / 100 000 in 2021

Answer 124

4.3 for 75-79 years 9.5 for 50-54 years

Answer 125

15-24 and 25-44

Answer 126

Poor self esteem Loss of interest Decreased energy Feelings of sadness

Answer 127

Feelings of despair and hopelessness Loss of interest in life Poor concentration Difficulties with decision Inability to feel pleasure

Answer 128

Females are more likely for both of these

Answer 129

The unjust impact on the health status of some groups due to social, economic, environmental and cultural factors such as income and education

Answer 130

Unequal distribution of some illnesses or conditions throughout the population Health inequities

Answer 131

Incidence and prevalence of disease and different rates of sickness, hospitalisation and death

Answer 132

Increased from 56.5 in 2010 to 61 in 2020

Answer 133

Males - 71.6 years, females - 75.6 (ABS 2018)

Answer 134

Twice the rate, and fifth leading cause of death among ATSI people

Answer 135

Cancers (overall)

Answer 136

Around 10 years

Answer 137

Mental and substance use disorders (23% of burdens) Injuries (12%) Cardiovascular disease (10%)

Answer 138

Burden of disease measures the impact of living with illness and injury and dying prematurely

Answer 139

Burden of disease life expectancy for men and women vs normal population Leading causes of death suicide rates

Answer 140

Family, peers, religion, culture and media High rates of domestic violence, and child abuse/neglect is high for people aged 5 and 44. ATSI people are more likely to be imprisoned, causing fractures in the family unit . Almost half of ATSI families with dependent children were one parent families, leading to a lack of structure and broken families The culture is also one of drugs and alcohol in many rural areas, and as many ATSI are raised up in these communities, they are largely influenced by this culture, causing many to follow suit There is also a disempowerment from many years of oppression and discrimination from non-Indigenous Australians. There is also a certain stereotype associated with Indigenous Australians as petrol sniffers and good for nothing; discrimination in workplace etc bc of the media

Answer 141

Education, employment and income As of 2016, only 51% of ATSI people were employed, compared to 76% of non-ATSI Australians. ATSI households were also more likely to be in the lowest income brackets. 65.9% of Indigenous also graduated with a year 12 certificate, which has increased. These bad socioeconomic determinants such as unemployment and poor levels of education lead not only to poor behavioural choices but also to poorer mental health conditions

Answer 142

Geographical location and access to health services and tech Amongst ATSI, access to health services is poorer than other Australians. They have difficulty accessing health services and also have a stronger distrust of medical professionals, with many refusing not to visit a GP despite having a health condition 1/5 ATSI people are living in run-down houses, which contribute to a worse environment, especially because there may be unsanitary practices, no electricity --> lack of access to education etc.

Answer 143

Individuals are empowered by a number of interventions to make informed choices about their own behaviour and encouraged to reduce risk behaviours and increase protective behaviours. Each individual is responsible to promote their own health and the health of others (Individual in this case meaning ATSI person)

Answer 144

Communities and leaders of ATSI people were and are still involved in the design and implementation of many of the closing the gap programs and interventions. Can also utilise programs such as Tangentyere Night Patrol (to reduce incarceration rates), as well as Clean Slate without prejudice

Answer 145

The Australian Government’s main role is larger health promotion and funding. The $805 million Indigenous Chronic Disease Package, is an example, and aims to improve the way the health-care system prevents, treats and manages the chronic diseases that affect many Indigenous Australians. The goal is to reduce key risk factors for chronic disease in the Indigenous community (such as smoking), improve chronic disease management and follow-up, and increase the capacity of the primary care workforce to deliver effective care to Indigenous Australians with chronic diseases (Department of Health 2013a). Closing the Gap report which sets aims to help close various health inequities through the application of various COAG programs, involving mass funding of various programs

Answer 146

Individuals can begin to address these inequities by focusing on good decision making and taking responsibility for their own health and the health of those around them. Actions such as remaining in school, or seeking to attend university either online or even at rural or remote based universities such as Charles Sturt will improve their knowledge, employment opportunities and income levels and help individuals make informed choices about their health and health care used. Individuals can also help promote health in their family and friends by encouraging good health choices, such as not smoking or reducing alcohol intake. These decisions reduce the risk factors to health and will help address the health inequities.

Answer 147

Communities can address the health inequities by providing relevant health care and support services. This includes the development of Multi Purpose Service Programs that often connect with community services, and the development of community health centres with the services they offer. Communities need to do more to attract and retain health professionals in their communities. They must communicate and collaborate closely with government agencies and health departments to encourage qualified professionals to serve and support rural areas.

Answer 148

The government funds many rural and remote programs to assist in the delivery of health care to rural and remote living people. These include: the royal flying doctor service, which provides: health care clinics, medical evacuations, provide medical chests and remote consultations. The government has instituted the Rural and Remote General Practice Program to help increase the number of GPs available in these areas. They also help fund other services such as SARRAH, who provide allied health services. Also investment into technology which could be accessed in the rural areas.

Answer 149

The sociocultural determinants of health include: family, peers, religion, culture and media.. In rural and remote areas the proportion of ATSI peoples in higher than other areas and contributes to the poorer health outcomes for rural and remote living people. The poorer indicators of health also influence children being brought up in rural and remote areas. Children raised in families that have higher smoking rates, have higher rates of second hand smoke and are more likely to become smokers. Children of overweight and obese parents are more likely to be overweight or obese. This also applies to lower rates of activity, higher risky drinking, and cholesterol levels. Especially due to the fact that those in rural areas are more likely to be smoking (1.7 times more than urban) and drinking

Answer 150

There are a variety of socioeconomic determinants of health for rural and remote living people. Socioeconomic factors include level of education, income and type of employment. Rural and remote living people are disadvantaged regarding education and employment opportunities, income and access to goods and services. This means that they know less about health and the bad things associated with alcohol and cigarettes. They are more likely to work on farms, in transportation or mines, which are hazardous occupations with higher rates of tobacco and alcohol use. People living in rural and remote areas have a lower average income and poorer levels of education – leading to lower health literacy. On the positive side, rural and remote living people have higher levels of social cohesiveness and participation in volunteer work. People living in rural and remote areas have higher costs of living, in terms of food and fuel prices, although housing costs are lower. This means that the diet of residents in rural and remote areas may be affected because of insufficient access to reasonably priced fruit and vegetable

Answer 151

They also have poorer access to health care compared to people living in metropolitan zones due to distance, cost of fuel, and availability of transport. This lack of access is increased by a shortage and uneven distribution of medical services in rural and remote areas, compared to metropolitan areas. Studies indicate that one factor is an attitude among men in rural and remote areas that injury and illness is part of normal life, and they are less likely to seek help for chronic conditions. In rural and remote areas the number of GP’s employed is rising, but is still lower that the rates in major cities. This limits access to general medical services. There is also a poorer distribution of medical specialists and medical technology. Use of medical services is also poorer than major cities, including some cancer screening programs such as bowel cancer.

Answer 152

Higher rates of diabetes and related deaths Higher rates of suicide Higher rates of transport accidents Higher burden of stroke Poorer Oral health Be physically inactive and overweight Drink alcohol in hazardous quantities Become smokers

Answer 153

7 million people - 28% of people

Answer 154

Yes, those in metropolitan cities have higher life expectancies

Answer 155

181 / 10 000 - females 235 / 10 000- males

Answer 156

Yes, in various categories such as exceeding alcohol limit, smoking and more

Answer 157

Yes, in various categories such as asthma, arthritis, mental health conditions , diabetes

Answer 158

People in occupations involving repeated exposure to carcinogens, such as asbestos, are more at risk of lung cancer. People working outdoors, such as lifeguards, are more prone to getting skin cancer. Those with a low socioeconomic status or who are unemployed have higher death rates as income can limit health choices, such as purchasing fresh fruit and vegetables and using exercise facilities. People with low education levels are more at risk as poor education is linked to poor health choices and less knowledge about how to access and use health services.

Core 1 IQ2: What are the priority issues for improving Australia's health? Flashcards

(189 cards)