Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Ls Neuro > Core Conditions > Flashcards

Core Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

How many people have a stroke a year

A

110,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define a stroke and a tia

A

A stroke occurs when a blocked blood vessel in the brain causes lack of blood flow and oxygen starvation. This differs from a tia which lasts less than 24 hours and resolves itself whereas a stroke lasts longer than 24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does a stroke present

A 
Face dropping 
Arm weakness one sided 
Slurred speech 
Time 
Visual changes 
 Confusion
Abnormal gait 
Nausea vomiting 
Diplopia 
Vertigo
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Causes

A

Thrombosis

Embolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Three pathological features

A

Ischaemia
Reduction in blood flow
Cellular necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Risk factors

A

Increased blood
Pressure

Diabetes

Smoking

Alcohol

Ocp

FH

Hyperlipidemia

Previous stroke

Age over 60

Trhomvophilia
Af

Heart disease

Increased clotting and reduced anti thrombin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Four things to give afew a stroke

A

Anti platelet aspirin or clopedigrel
Anti hypertensive
Anti coagulant such as warfarin and DNOC
Statin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do you assess someone with a tia is having a stroke or likeliness

A

Abcd^2

Age - over 60 
Blood pressure over 140/90
Change in speech (1) one sided weakness (2)
Diabetes 
Duration over one hour (1)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Acute management

A

Oxygen
Fluids
Reassurance
Monitor obs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Investigations for a stroke

A

Monitor blood glucose
Bloods fbc
Ct scan
ECG and X-ray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How common is a subarachnoid haemorrhage

A

9 in 100/000 people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is it

A

A spontaneous bleed in the subarachnoid space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Signs

A 
Sudden onset of an excruitiating  headache - thunderclap 
Vomiting 
Collapse 
Seizure 
Coma 
Neck stiffness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What sign can be seen

A

Kernig sign
This is when you flex at the hip And then knee to make right angle
On lowering there is pain which indicates meningeal irritation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Risk factors

A 
Smoking 
Alcohol 
Precious sah
Family history 
Hypertension 
Polycysric kidneys 
Aortic coarsctation 
Ehler danios syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cause main one

A

Berry aneurysm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Diagnostic

A

90% picked up within an hour if ct done

It ct is neg do lumbar puncture to obtain xanthochronic fluid sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Management

A 
Refer to neurosurgery asap 
Keep hydrated 
Given nimpdipine a CAlcuim antagonist 
Endocascular  coiling 
Intracranial stent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Complications

A

Rebleedinf
Ischemia
Hydrocephalus
Hyponatremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is a peripheral neuropathy

A

damage to or disease affecting nerves, which may impair sensation, movement, gland or organ function, or other aspects of health, depending on the type of nerve affected.
mono - affecting one nerve group
poly- affect multiple nerve groups
this can include system disease or trauma directly related to site of nerve endings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

causes

A 
diabetes
renal failure
hypothyroidism 
hiv
hypoglyemia 
chacot marie tooth 
porphyria  
syphilis 
leprosy
lyme disease 
sarcoidosis
gullian barre syndrome
lead 
alcohol
phenytoin 
decreased b12, b6, b1 E

WEGNERS GRANDULOMATOSIS
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS 
POLYARTERITIS NODSA 
metronidazole
nitrofurantoin 
vcsplatin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

symptoms

A 
tingling sensation, shooting pain, weakness muscle group, pins and needles
muscle weakness, muscle paralaysis
involuntary movement 
muscle twitching 
fassiculations 
abnormal gait 
numbeness 
reduced reflexes 
crawling sensation
porstural hypotension

sweating
impotence 
D and C and bloating 
incontinence/loss of bladder control
tremors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

additional symptoms

A 
median nerve c6-t1     carpal tunnel syndrome
ulnar nere c8 -t1   claw hand 
radial nerve c5-t1   wrist drop
brachial plexus 
phrenic nerve c3-c5
sciatirc nerve 
tibal nerve

gullian barre syndrome-loss or impaired lower motor function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

signs on examinations

A

see symptoms above.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
investifations
bloods- glucose, b12, lft, u and e, esrp , ana/anca mri/ct nerve conduction studies neuro exam
26
management
treat cause e.g. diabetes, b12 defciciency physiotherapy iv imunglobins for GB syndrome neuropathic pain meds - duloxetine, amitrypllyine, pregabalin.
27
define a seizure
an abnormally excessive and hyper-synchronous activity of neurones located predominantly in the cerebral cortex causing twitching and convulsions in muscles
28
classification
generalised- both hemispheres | partial- 1 hemisphere
29
subtypes
``` myoclonic - jerking movement atonic- falls to floor, no tone tonic- falls to floor, stuff tonic-clonic-falls to floor, jerking movement absence- staring and blinking no falling ```
30
status epilepticus
life-threatening condition -> brain is in constant persistent seizure more than 30 minutes medical emergency
31
epilepsy
spontenous 2 or more episodes of unprovoked seizure
32
causes
``` 2/3 idiopathic trauma/injury to cerebral cortex stroke brain tumour congenital brain defects SLE sarcoidosis raised ICPP benzodiazepine withdrawal liver disease ```
33
signs and symptoms
``` pre-event signs -flashing lights dizziness gut feeling metallic taste in mouth myalgia confusion dysphagia change in behaviour ```
34
differentials
movement disorder syncope stroke
35
investigations
EEG full blood count prolactin test drug level for compliance with anti-epileptics
36
treatment
``` focal/partial - lamo, carba tonic clonic -na valoprate, lamo absence- na valoprate myoclonic na valoprate tonic and atonic - na valoprate ```
37
which type do you avoid carbamazepines in?
myoclonic
38
what is meningitis
inflammation of the meninges surrounding the brain
39
what can it be confused with
encephalitis, dengue, malaria, septicaemia
40
causes in neonates, infants, adults and elderly
neonates: listeria, E.coli, STREP B infants, nisseria menigitides, h.influenza, adults -nisseria menigitdies, influenza, s.pneumoniae elderly - TB, s.pneumoniae can also be caused by HSV, CMV, HZv, enteroviruses
41
signs and symptoms
``` headache fever cold hands and feet dyspnoea confusion/altered mental state low GCS irritability lack of appetite meningism - photophobia, neck stiffness, positive kernig sign or brudzski sign muscle aches non blanching petiache rash ```
42
what is brudzski sign | and kernig sign
kernig- hip and knee flexed at 90 degree angles, and subsequent extension in the knee is painful (leading to resistance). This may indicate subarachnoid hemorrhage or meningitis. brudzski - Severe neck stiffness causes a patient's hips and knees to flex when the neck is flexed.
43
investigations
full blood count - LFT, UandE, GLUCOSE lumbar puncture examination - kernigs, brudzski CXR
44
treatment
benzylpencillin cefataxomine if ampicillin - listeria acyclovir - encephalitis
45
what can be given when meningism is present?
dexamethasone
46
what is a migraine?
a unilateral throbbing headache seen in 2% of the population it is often associated in individuals with a family history
47
causes
``` chocolate - caffeine Hang over orgasm Cheese Ocp Lie in Alcohol Trauma/tumulent Exercise Stress coffee high Bp obesity female : male (2:1) ```
48
signs and symptoms
``` headache -unilateral photophobia nausea and vomiting sleep changes yawning and craving fatigue dizziness ``` cranial tenderness horner syndrome irregular pulse BP
49
DD
TIA cluster tension headache sinusitis cervical spondylosis
50
investigations
ct if reccurent based on history exclude any differentials
51
treatment | prevention too
triptan and naproxen can give parcetamol prevention- propanol, botox, amitrylline
52
who is parkinsons disease commonly seen in
M > F 3:2 65 year old Caucasian
53
triad of symptoms (used a basis for diagnosis)
rigidity cogwheel, increased tone tremor - pin rolling bradykinesia- difficulty initating movement, shuffling gait, reduced blinking, reduced arm swinging
54
other symptoms and signs
``` mood changes sleep disturbance anosmia dysphagia dystonia depression dementia ```
55
diagnosis
clinical | trial dopernegic agents
56
management
assess and monitor memory, mood physiotherapy, occ health and speech and language therapy ``` medications include LDOPA dopamine agonists- ropinierole MOAB-I - rasagiline COMT-I Entacapone ```
57
pathophysiology
degeneration of dopaminergic neuron in substantia nigran - reduced dopamine for movement
58
what Is MS?
demyelination of the CNS caused by T cell mediated response | heals incompletely, therefore remitting and relapsing condition
59
who does MS affect?
30 years of age 3;1 female to male ratio 42 per 100,000 in the UK rare in African Caribbean community
60
associated with
lack of early exposure to vitamin D and sun light | vitamin D and sunlight has been found to prevent and improve symptoms
61
signs
Lhermitte sign is when you have sharp electric shock down back and to limbs when you bend your neck forward optic neuritis - reduced central vision and pain on movement loss of thermoregulation - excess sweating, hypothermia and pyrexia
62
symptoms
``` headache trunk and limb ataxia dyarrthia speech intention tremor nystagmus urine retention erectile dysfunction numbness and tingling in limb spastic weakness amnesia leg weakness ```
63
what can worsen symptoms
exercise | heat
64
investigatioons
``` electrophysiology - visual provoked protential MRI CSF Bloods- FBC, lft, tft neuroligcal examination ```
65
treatment
disease modifiying drug - dimethyl fumarate -monoclonal antibody - alemtuzumab relapsing - methylprednisolone (doesn't alter prognosis) fatigue - amantadine spactitiy-baclofen tremor- botulin A urgency/frequency -tolterosone and self catherisation
66
criteria for MS
McDonald

Ls Neuro (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions