Core Making Principles

Question 1

Critical Path Analysis (Project Management)

Answer 1

Is a powerful tool used to manage and schedule complex projects. It helps plan and map all tasks that need to be completed during the project. It can assist monitor the tasks and identify where action needs to be took to get back on course

It can idenify the maxium and minimum time a project will take

Disadvantages - The relation of task time is not as obvious with it is in a gnatt chart

Question 2

Scrum (Project Management)

Answer 2

Agile, adaptable way to manage a project. It relies on a self-organsing, cross functional (meaning everyone is involved and acknowleadgeable about whats going on) team with no heriachy.

Work is not linear and big project is broken down and progress is done thorugh a sprint (short bursts of work) which the team meets prior to a sprint and decides what happens during this sprint (sprint is written in sprint backlog prior too). After the sprint they discuss what they done and what they can improve to boost efficiency.

Question 3

Six Sigma

Answer 3

Main goal is too elimate defects in a product/serivce. To achieve Six Sigma a process should not produce more than 3.4 defects per million oppurtunities

Split into 5 sections, DMAIC

Define - Define the problem

Measure - Measure the current performance and collect data

Analyse - Dig into that data and analyse the process for issues and root causes

Improve - Determine and implement improvement

Control - Maintain the improved process

Key principles
- focus on the customer
- manage, improve and smooth the process flow
- remove non-value added steps and waste

Question 4

~~~

```Gnatt Chart (Design For Manufacture)

Answer 4

Clear way to visuale to the project and is used to plan effective use of time.

Question 4

Flow Chart (Design For Manufacture)

Answer 4

Plans out stages of manufactuer with each shape representing a different part of the manufactuer (arrows show sequence). Ensures quality control and assuranace. By mapping it out and visualise it you can identify area of improvements

Question 4

Applying Standards

Answer 4

Standards ensure products are suitable in quality and safety. For instance many british standards cover a plug like the dimensional accuracy, layout, socket fits safely and securely, material type and thickness.

Question 5

BSI

Answer 5

British standards instition, develops national standards (agreed ways to do things). If a prodct meets it then it shows it been rigoursoly tested and that it adheres to certian level of performances.

Question 6

ISO

Answer 6

Develops standards that are agreed upon internationally.

Question 7

Green Dot

Answer 7

Manufacturers have contributed towards the cost of disposal

Question 8

WEEE

Answer 8

encourage safe disposal of electrical items to ensure they dont end up in landfill

Question 9

Circular Economy

Answer 9

Alternative to traditional linear economy (make - use -dispose) , in this we keep resources in for as long as possible and extracting the maximum value from them while in use. At the end of a products life, the product is recovered and materials are reused (Cradle To Cradle)

*Companies maintain ownership of the product (which is beneficial to use as can provide free replacement,r repairs) *
+Reduce Waste
+Put the UK in a better position to address emerging resource scarcity
+Drive greate resource productivity

Example Of Circular Economy Business:
Vigga is a maternty and kids wear brand that aims reduces clothing waste by having families pay a montly subscription. In such they recieve 20 sets of baby clothes and when the baby outgrows them they return them and select 20 sets of a large size. The smaller set that was returned is washed and resued and sent to another family that needs them. This reduce’s Vigga’s total carbon footprint by minimising production

Question 10

Systems Thinking

Answer 10

The ability to understand how all the different parts of a product — including its materials, users, manufacturing, and environment — interact and fit together as part of a larger system.

(E.g with a plywood seat, instead of just enjoying its comfortability, its considering the materials, processes, sustainability, cost. Was the plywood bought by the sheet, what manufacturing was used, subtractive or additive? how much waste did it create? and overall considering it all as a larger system

7 Skills

Dynamic Thinking - Framing a problem in terms of a pattern or behaviour

System-as-cause Thinking - Seeing internal actors who manage the policies

Forest Thinking - Seeing beyond the details to the context

Operational Thinking - Understanding how a behaviour is actually generated

Closed Loop Thinking - Viewing casuality as a ongoing process not a one time event

Quantitive Thinking - Knowing how to quantify

Scientific Thinking - Knowing how to define testable hypotheses

Question 11

Surplus

Answer 11

Materials that left over after production. This results in a lot of waste and loss of profit.

Can be avoided through JIT.

Question 12

By-Products

Answer 12

An incidental or secondary product made in the manufacture of something else.

A sustainable way of dealing with by-products would be to utilise them as regenerated materials (like how paper is made from excess timber)