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Chem A-Level > Core Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Core Organic Chemistry Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What’s a homologous series?

A

A series of compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differs by the addition of a -CH2- group.

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2
Q

What’s a functional group?

A

The part of molecule responsible for the chemical properties.

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3
Q

Aliphatic

A

carbon atoms arranged in line (branched or unbranched)

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4
Q

Alicyclic

A

carbon atoms arranged in a ring (branched or unbranched)

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5
Q

Aromatic

A

carbon atoms mostly arranged in a benzene ring

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6
Q

Suffix for aldehyde & ketone

A

Aldehyde: -al
Ketone: -one

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7
Q

Structural isomerism

A

Same molecular formula but different structural formula

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8
Q

Homolytic fission

A

Each atom has a single electron
Radicals are formed

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9
Q

Heterolytic fission

A

One atom takes both electrons
Negative & positive ions are formed

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10
Q

Addition reaction

A

2 reactants form 1 product

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11
Q

Substitution reaction

A

An atom/group is displaced by a more reactive atom/group.

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12
Q

Elimination reaction

A

Removal of small molecule from bigger one. 1 reactant makes 2 products

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13
Q

General formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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14
Q

General formula for alkenes

A

CnH2n

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15
Q

General formula for alkynes

A

CnH2n-2

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16
Q

General formula for alcohols

A

CnH2n+1OH

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17
Q

General formula for haloalkanes

A

CnH2n+1X (X is a halogen)

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18
Q

General formula for carboxylic acids

A

CnH2n+1COOH

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19
Q

General formula for aldehydes

A

CnH2nO

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20
Q

General formula for ketones

A

CnH2nO

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21
Q

Bond angles and arrangement for alkanes

A

109.5º
Tetrahedral

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22
Q

Why does boiling point of alkanes increase as chain length increases?

A
  • Larger surface area
  • More contact
  • More London forces
  • Stronger bonds
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23
Q

Why do branched alkanes have lower boiling point?

A
  • Branches allow for less contact area
  • Less London forces
  • Weaker bonds
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24
Q

Combustion of alkanes

A

Alkane + Oxygen –> Carbon dioxide + water

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25
Incomplete combustion of alkanes
Form water and carbon monoxide/carbon
26
Reaction of alkanes with halogens
Alkane + Halogen --> Haloalkane + hydrogen halide - Needs sunlight (UV)
27
Stages of radical substitution
1) Initiation 2) Propagation 3) Termination
28
Initiation (Radical substitution)
- Halogen covalent bond broken by homolytic fission - Forms radicals - Needs sunlight (UV)
29
Propagation (Radical substitution)
1) - Br radical reacts with C-H bond - Forms CH3 radical and HBr 2) - CH3 radical reacts with Br, forming CH3Br, and Br radical
30
Termination (Radical substitution)
2 radicals collide forming a molecule with all electrons paired
31
Shape & angle around a double bond
Trigonal planar (120º)
32
Stereoisomers
Same structural formula but different arrangements of atoms
33
E/Z isomerism
E Isomerism: Different sides Z Isomerism: Same sides
34
Cis-Trans isomerism
Same as E/Z isomerism, but hydrogen is attached to carbon
35
Hydrogenation of alkenes
Alkene + hydrogen --> Alkane Ni Catalyst
36
Halogenation of alkanes
Alkene + halogen --> Haloalkane
37
Testing for unsaturation (double bond)
Add bromine water to substance, if it turns colorless, it has a double bond
38
Alkenes + hydrogen halides
Alkenes + hydrogen halides --> Haloalkane
39
Hydration of alkenes
Alkene + steam --> alcohol
40
Electrophiles
- Positive charge - Attracted to electron-rich region - Accepts electrons
41
Nucleophile
- Negative charge - Attracted to electron-deficient region - Donates electrons
42
Electrophilic addition mechanism
1) Bond donates 2 electrons to Hydrogen in HBr, H-Br bond electrons go to Br 2) Carbocation is formed, Br reacts with it 3) haloalkane is formed
43
Markownikoff's rule
Major product: Secondary carbocation Minor product: Primary carbocation
44
Carbocation stability
Stability increases In increasing carbocation classification Primary < Secondary < Tertiary
45
Polyethene
Plastic bags, bottles, toys
46
Poly(chloroethane)
Pipes, bottles, sheets... Can be rigid or flexible
47
Disposing methods of polymers
- PVC Recycling - Using polymers as fuels - Feedstock recycling (obtain raw materials)
48
Bioplastics
- Photodegradable - Biodegradable
49
Alcohols vs Alkanes
- Higher melting points - Less volatile - Greater solubility
50
Why do alcohols have stronger bonds
- Polar bonds - Hydrogen bonds
51
Primary alcohol
carbon attached to 1 alkyl group
52
Secondary alcohol
carbon attached to 2 alkyl groups
53
Tertiary alcohol
carbon attached to 3 alkyl groups
54
Combustion of alcohols
Alcohol + Oxygen --> Carbon dioxide + water
55
Oxidation of primary alcohols
- Can form aldehyde (distillation) - Can form carboxylic acids (reflux)
56
Oxidation of secondary alcohols
Oxidized to ketones
57
Dehydration of alcohols
Alcohol --> Alkene + water - acid catalyst - reflux
58
Substitution reaction of alcohols
Alcohol + hydrogen halide --> haloalkane + water - Could also add NaX with (H₂SO₄)
59
Nucleophilic substitution
halogen is substitution by nucleophile in haloalkane
60
Hydrolysis of haloalkanes
Haloalkanes --> Alcohols
61
Which OH is removed in ester bond
-OH from carboxylic acid

Chem A-Level (10 decks)

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