Core Questions

Question 1

What is the charge and mass of a proton?

Answer 1

Charge = +1, Mass = 1

Question 2

What is the charge and mass of a neutron?

Answer 2

Charge = 0, Mass = 1

Question 3

What is the charge and mass of an electron?

Answer 3

Charge = -1, Mass ≈ 0

Question 4

What is the mass number?

Answer 4

The number of protons + neutrons

Question 5

What is the atomic number?

Answer 5

The number of protons

Question 6

How do you calculate the number of neutrons?

Answer 6

Mass number – Atomic number

Question 7

What are the properties of Group 1 (alkali metals)?

Answer 7

Soft, very reactive, reactivity increases down the group

Question 8

What are the properties of Group 7 (halogens)?

Answer 8

Colored, poisonous, reactivity decreases down the group

Question 9

What are the properties of Group 0 (noble gases)?

Answer 9

Unreactive, full outer shell, exist as gases

Question 10

What is ionic bonding?

Answer 10

Transfer of electrons between a metal and non-metal

Question 11

What is covalent bonding?

Answer 11

Sharing of electrons between non-metals

Question 12

What is metallic bonding?

Answer 12

Positive ions surrounded by a sea of delocalized electrons

Question 13

Describe the structure and properties of diamond.

Answer 13

Giant covalent structure, each carbon bonded to 4 others, very hard, does not conduct

Question 14

Describe the structure and properties of graphite.

Answer 14

Layers of carbon atoms, each bonded to 3 others, layers slide, conducts electricity

Question 15

What is a combination reaction?

Answer 15

Two or more substances react to form one product

Question 16

What is a decomposition reaction?

Answer 16

A single compound breaks down into two or more substances

Question 17

What is a displacement reaction?

Answer 17

A more reactive element replaces a less reactive one in a compound

Question 18

What is a neutralization reaction?

Answer 18

Acid + base → salt + water

Question 19

What is a combustion reaction?

Answer 19

Substance reacts with oxygen and releases energy (usually forming CO₂ and H₂O)

Question 20

What is a precipitation reaction?

Answer 20

Two solutions form an insoluble solid (precipitate)

Question 21

What is an acid?

Answer 21

A substance that produces H⁺ ions in water

Question 22

What is a base?

Answer 22

A substance that neutralizes an acid

Question 23

What is an alkali?

Answer 23

A soluble base that produces OH⁻ ions in water

Question 24

What is the pH scale and what do values mean?

Answer 24

Scale from 0 to 14; acids: 0–6, neutral: 7, alkalis: 8–14

Question 25

What is a titration used for?

Answer 25

To find the exact amount of acid needed to neutralize an alkali (or vice versa)

Question 26

What is the general word equation for neutralization?

Answer 26

Acid + base → salt + water

Question 27

What is electrolysis?

Answer 27

Splitting a compound using electricity

Question 28

What is formed at the cathode and anode during electrolysis of molten NaCl?

Answer 28

Cathode: Sodium metal; Anode: Chlorine gas

Question 29

What is an electrolyte?

Answer 29

A substance that conducts electricity when molten or in solution

Question 30

What factors affect the rate of a reaction?

Answer 30

Temperature, concentration, surface area, and catalyst

Question 31

What is activation energy?

Answer 31

The minimum energy needed to start a reaction

Question 32

What is an exothermic reaction?

Answer 32

A reaction that gives off heat; temperature increases

Question 33

What is an endothermic reaction?

Answer 33

A reaction that takes in heat; temperature decreases

Question 34

What is the order of reactivity from most to least reactive

Answer 34

Potassium (K) Sodium (Na) Lithium (Li) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Aluminum (Al) Zinc (Zn) Iron (Fe) Copper (Cu) Silver (Ag) Gold (Au)

Question 35

How is iron extracted from its ore?

Answer 35

By reduction with carbon in a blast furnace

Question 36

Which metals react with water?

Answer 36

Potassium, Sodium, Calcium

Question 37

What are the main greenhouse gases?

Answer 37

Carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), water vapor (H₂O)

Question 37

Which metals react with acid?

Answer 37

Magnesium, Zinc, Iron (and others above hydrogen in the reactivity series)

Question 38

How is acid rain formed?

Answer 38

Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) dissolve in rainwater

Question 39

What are the effects of acid rain?

Answer 39

Damages buildings, kills plants and aquatic life