Correl Day 3

Question 1

The Philippines is recognized as the what most mineralized country in the world according to the sources? a) Second b) Third c) Fifth d) Seventh

Answer 1

c) Fifth

Question 2

Which metallic mineral had the largest reported amount in resources in the Philippines as of 2020? a) Copper b) Nickel c) Gold d) Iron

Answer 2

c) Gold

Question 3

The largest reserve of gold in the Philippines, as of 2020, was located in which region? a) Region XII b) Eastern Mindanao c) Cordillera Administrative Region d) Central Luzon

Answer 3

c) Cordillera Administrative Region

Question 4

Among metallic mineral products, which one showed the highest increase in production between 2012 and 2021? a) Gold b) Copper c) Nickel-mixed sulfides d) Chromite

Answer 4

c) Nickel-mixed sulfides

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT listed as a principal iron mineral? a) Hematite b) Magnetite c) Garnierite d) Limonite

Answer 5

c) Garnierite

Question 6

The most important type of iron deposit in the Philippines is classified as: a) Magnetite sand b) Laterite c) Skarn (or contact metasomatic) d) Sedimentary bog

Answer 6

c) Skarn (or contact metasomatic)

Question 7

Skarn iron deposits are typically associated with the intrusion of younger igneous rocks into: a) Basalt flows b) Granite batholiths c) Limestone or calcareous sediments d) Schist formations

Answer 7

c) Limestone or calcareous sediments

Question 8

What are the primary impurities that lower the quality of iron ore from magnetite sand deposits? a) Silica and alumina b) Copper and gold c) Titanium and vanadium d) Lead and zinc

Answer 8

c) Titanium and vanadium

Question 9

Batas Pambansa Blg. 265, approved in 1982, prohibits the extraction of gravel and sand from: a) Riverbeds b) Quarries c) Beaches d) Alluvial fans

Answer 9

c) Beaches

Question 10

Nickeliferous laterite iron deposits are commonly found over which type of rocks? a) Gabbro and basalt b) Limestone and shale c) Dunite and peridotite (ultramafic rocks) d) Granite and diorite

Answer 10

c) Dunite and peridotite (ultramafic rocks)

Question 11

What is the nickel-rich hydrous nickel silicate belonging to the serpentine group of minerals often found as green coatings in the saprolite zone? a) Pentlandite b) Millerite c) Garnierite d) Niccolite

Answer 11

c) Garnierite

Question 12

Magmatic nickel sulfide deposits in the Philippines are closely associated with: a) Limestone deposits b) Sandstone formations c) Chromitites and platinum group elements (PGE) d) Gold-bearing quartz veins

Answer 12

c) Chromitites and platinum group elements (PGE)

Question 13

The principal chromium mineral is: a) Magnetite b) Chromite c) Pentlandite d) Pyrolusite

Answer 13

b) Chromite

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a typical use of chromium? a) Coating for corrosion resistance b) Component of stainless steel c) Manufacture of dry cell batteries d) Source of pigment

Answer 14

c) Manufacture of dry cell batteries

Question 15

Chromite occurrences in the Philippines are regionally distributed within: a) Extensive sedimentary basins b) Active volcanic zones c) Recognized ophiolite belts d) Large granite intrusions

Answer 15

c) Recognized ophiolite belts

Question 16

Manganese is principally used in making: a) Glass and ceramics b) Alloys with iron c) Electrical wires d) Fertilizers

Answer 16

b) Alloys with iron

Question 17

The most widely used compound of manganese is: a) Manganese carbonate b) Manganese sulfate c) Manganese dioxide d) Manganese chloride

Answer 17

c) Manganese dioxide

Question 18

The principal sources of copper in the Philippines are: a) Sedimentary deposits b) Porphyry copper deposits c) Laterite formations d) Evaporite basins

Answer 18

b) Porphyry copper deposits

Question 19

Porphyry copper deposits often contain significant amounts of which other valuable elements? a) Lead and zinc b) Tin and tungsten c) Gold, silver, and molybdenum d) Platinum and palladium

Answer 19

c) Gold, silver, and molybdenum

Question 20

Kuroko-type volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits are genetically related to: a) Deep-sea hydrothermal vents associated with mafic rocks b) Submarine acid volcanic activity c) Metamorphism of sedimentary rocks d) Weathering of ultramafic rocks

Answer 20

b) Submarine acid volcanic activity

Question 21

Cyprus-type VMS deposits are associated with rocks of: a) Granitic composition b) High-grade metamorphic facies c) Mafic-ultramafic (ophiolitic) association d) Continental sedimentary sequences

Answer 21

c) Mafic-ultramafic (ophiolitic) association

Question 22

Besshi-type copper deposits are described as stratabound massive cupriferous iron sulfide deposits lying conformably in: a) Limestone beds b) Volcanic tuffs c) Crystalline schists d) Sandstone layers

Answer 22

c) Crystalline schists

Question 23

Gold in the Philippines is primarily related to: a) Extensive sedimentation b) Regional metamorphism c) Magmatism d) Karstification of limestone

Answer 23

c) Magmatism

Question 24

Which of the following is considered a precious gemstone? a) Jasper b) Amethyst c) Diamond d) Agate

Answer 24

c) Diamond

Question 25

The main source of aluminum is the mineral: a) Gibbsite b) Diaspore c) Boehmite d) Bauxite (a mixture of these)

Answer 25

d) Bauxite (a mixture of these)

Question 26

Molybdenum in the Philippines occurs chiefly as a secondary metal in: a) Sedimentary iron deposits b) Nickel laterite deposits c) Porphyry copper and copper skarn deposits d) Manganese nodule fields

Answer 26

c) Porphyry copper and copper skarn deposits

Question 27

The chief mercury mineral is: a) Galena b) Sphalerite c) Cinnabar (HgS) d) Chalcopyrite

Answer 27

c) Cinnabar (HgS)

Question 28

Lead is principally mined from its chief ore, which is: a) Sphalerite b) Galena (PbS) c) Chalcopyrite d) Bornite

Answer 28

b) Galena (PbS)

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT a fertilizer mineral mentioned in the sources? a) Guano b) Barite c) Limestone d) Phosphate rock

Answer 29

b) Barite

Question 30

Guano is primarily the accumulated excrement and remains of: a) Reptiles and amphibians b) Grazing mammals c) Birds and bats d) Marine organisms

Answer 30

c) Birds and bats

Question 31

Phosphate rock is primarily made up of various forms of: a) Quartz b) Feldspar c) Apatite d) Calcite

Answer 31

c) Apatite

Question 32

For fertilizer and soil conditioner purposes, limestone primarily furnishes raw materials for the manufacture of: a) Gypsum b) Agricultural lime c) Cement d) Glass

Answer 32

b) Agricultural lime

Question 33

Dolomite is a carbonate of which two elements? a) Sodium and potassium b) Iron and manganese c) Calcium and magnesium d) Aluminum and silicon

Answer 33

c) Calcium and magnesium

Question 34

The process of transforming limestone to dolomitic limestone or dolomite is called: a) Calcification b) Silicification c) Dolomitization d) Oxidation

Answer 34

c) Dolomitization

Question 35

Magnesite is a natural form of: a) Calcium carbonate b) Magnesium silicate c) Magnesium carbonate d) Calcium-magnesium carbonate

Answer 35

c) Magnesium carbonate

Question 36

Peat is formed by the partial decomposition of: a) Volcanic ash b) Marine sediments c) Mosses, sedges, trees, and other plants d) Shell fragments

Answer 36

c) Mosses, sedges, trees, and other plants

Question 37

The principal sources of sulfur in the Philippines include pyrite concentrate from copper mines and: a) Evaporite deposits b) Natural sulfur deposits near volcanoes c) Sedimentary sulfur beds d) Weathering of sulfide minerals in general

Answer 37

b) Natural sulfur deposits near volcanoes

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT typically considered an industrial mineral or manufacturing material listed? a) Asbestos b) Gold c) Feldspar d) Talc

Answer 38

b) Gold

Question 39

Clays are broadly classified based on their geological origin as residual, transported, and: a) Igneous b) Metamorphic c) Alteration clays or bentonites d) Evaporites

Answer 39

c) Alteration clays or bentonites

Question 40

Refractory materials are known for their resistance to: a) Electrical conductivity b) Magnetic fields c) Decomposition by heat, pressure, or chemical attack d) Abrasion

Answer 40

c) Decomposition by heat, pressure, or chemical attack

Question 41

Zeolites are noted for their ability towards: a) High thermal conductivity b) Ion-exchange and reversible dehydration c) Extreme hardness d) Luminescence

Answer 41

b) Ion-exchange and reversible dehydration

Question 42

Commercially, the term marble is applied to any crystalline rock composed predominantly of calcite, dolomite, or: a) Quartz b) Feldspar c) Serpentine d) Granite

Answer 42

c) Serpentine

Question 43

Pumice and pumicite are light-colored volcanic glasses produced during which geological periods? a) Cretaceous and Tertiary b) Jurassic and Cretaceous c) Pliocene and Quaternary d) Cambrian and Ordovician

Answer 43

c) Pliocene and Quaternary

Question 44

Rock aggregates are produced by: a) Chemical precipitation b) Metamorphism c) Crushing, screening, and washing of various rocks d) Weathering and erosion

Answer 44

c) Crushing, screening, and washing of various rocks

Question 45

Rock asphalt in the Philippines consists of bitumen impregnations in: a) Limestone and marble b) Granite and gneiss c) Shale and sandstone d) Basalt and andesite

Answer 45

c) Shale and sandstone

Question 46

Volcanic tuff, locally known as adobe, is a product of: a) Deep-seated metamorphism b) Quaternary explosive volcanism c) Slow cooling of intrusive magma d) Compaction of marine sediments

Answer 46

b) Quaternary explosive volcanism

Question 47

Secondary gemstone deposits are found: a) In the same location where they were originally formed b) Away from their original formation, such as in alluvial deposits c) Within volcanic dikes and sills d) Associated with high-grade metamorphic rocks

Answer 47

b) Away from their original formation, such as in alluvial deposits

Question 48

Diamond, ruby, sapphire, and emerald are classified as: a) Semi-precious stones b) Industrial minerals c) Precious stones d) Decorative materials

Answer 48

c) Precious stones

Question 49

"Zambales Jade" is identified as: a) Sericite schist b) Uvarovite (a type of garnet) c) Petrified wood d) Rhodonite

Answer 49

b) Uvarovite (a type of garnet)

Question 50

"Mindoro Jade" is associated with which type of rock in metamorphic regions? a) Jasper/chert b) Sericite schists c) Opal d) Granite

Answer 50

b) Sericite schists

Question 51

Describe the different types of Philippine iron deposits based on their geology and mineralization.

Answer 51

Philippine iron deposits include skarn, magnetite sand, laterite, sedimentary, bog, and spring types. Skarn deposits, the most significant, form from igneous intrusions into limestone (e.g., Luzon Central Cordillera). Magnetite sand deposits occur along coasts, while laterite deposits form from weathered ultramafic rocks (e.g., Zambales, Surigao). Sedimentary deposits are layered iron-rich sediments, bog deposits form in marshy areas, and spring deposits are iron precipitates from groundwater.

Question 52

Explain the formation and economic significance of nickel laterite deposits in the Philippines. Differentiate between the limonite and saprolite zones.

Answer 52

Nickel laterite deposits form from the weathering of ultramafic rocks. These deposits are important due to their high nickel reserves. The limonite zone (upper layer) is iron-rich with lower nickel content, while the saprolite zone (lower layer) has higher nickel and magnesium content (often as garnierite). The Philippines is a major exporter of lateritic nickel ore, used in stainless steel and battery production.

Question 53

Describe the relationship between ophiolite belts and the occurrence of chromite deposits in the Philippines. Discuss the two major classifications of Philippine chromite deposits.

Answer 53

Ophiolite belts represent uplifted oceanic crust, which hosts chromite deposits. Chromite deposits are classified into primary podiform chromite (found in peridotite layers of ophiolites, e.g., Zambales, Palawan) and residual/transported chromite (formed by weathering and alluvial transport, e.g., Dinagat Island). Podiform chromite is the main source of metallurgical-grade chromium used in stainless steel and industrial applications.

Question 54

Compare and contrast the formation and characteristics of the three main types of volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) copper deposits found in the Philippines: Kuroko-type, Cyprus-type, and Besshi-type.

Answer 54

Kuroko-type deposits form in submarine felsic volcanic environments and contain Cu, Pb, Zn, Au, and Ag (e.g., Bagacay Mine). Cyprus-type deposits are linked to mafic-ultramafic rocks and consist of pyrite-chalcopyrite ores (e.g., Barlo Mine). Besshi-type deposits are stratabound sulfide layers in schists, often metamorphosed VMS deposits (e.g., Hixbar Mine). These deposits vary in host rock, metal content, and formation environment.

Question 55

Discuss the importance of at least three different non-metallic mineral resources in the Philippines, detailing their uses and, if applicable, their formation or occurrence.

Answer 55

Limestone (used for cement and soil conditioning) forms in marine environments. Clays (used in ceramics and construction) result from weathering of feldspar-rich rocks. Pumice (used in abrasives and lightweight concrete) is a product of explosive volcanic eruptions. These minerals are vital for construction, industry, and agriculture.

Question 56

Enumerate the principal iron minerals mentioned in the text.

Answer 56

Hematite, Specularite, Red Ochre, Magnetite, Limonite, Goethite, Siderite

Question 57

Enumerate the types of Philippine iron deposits.

Answer 57

Skarn, Magnetite sand, Laterite, Sedimentary, Bog, Spring

Question 58

Enumerate the principal nickel minerals.

Answer 58

Garnierite, Millerite, Niccolite, Pentlandite, Pyrrhotite

Question 59

Enumerate the three grades into which chromite is classified.

Answer 59

Metallurgical, Refractory, Chemical

Question 60

Enumerate the principal manganese minerals.

Answer 60

Pyrolusite, Rhodochrosite, Franklinite, Psilomelane, Hausmannite, Braunite, Rhodonite, Alabandite, Manganite

Question 61

Enumerate the principal copper minerals.

Answer 61

Chalcopyrite, Bornite, Chalcocite, Covellite, Malachite, Azurite, Chrysocolla

Question 62

Enumerate the four kinds of lime used for agriculture.

Answer 62

High-calcium lime, Magnesian lime, Oyster-shell lime, Hydrated lime

Question 63

Enumerate the raw materials for the ceramic industry.

Answer 63

Clay, Feldspar, Magnesite, Quartz, Talc

Question 64

Enumerate the structural and building materials.

Answer 64

Marble, Pumice, Rock aggregates, Rock asphalt, Sand and gravel, Volcanic tuff

Question 65

Enumerate the four precious gemstones.

Answer 65

Diamond, Ruby, Sapphire, Emerald