Questionnaires__49_DAY 1 QUESTIONNAIRES__A. SET A (RUPA BOOK)__DAY 1_QUESTIONNAIRE_SET 1 (RUPA BOOK_GENERAL GEOLOGY)_72 CARDS Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
The science of geology is concerned with which part of the globe? a. Visible surface of the Earth b. Undersurface of the Earth c. Rocks of the Earth d. Stratosphere
A
c. Rocks of the Earth
2
Q
The term geology (geologia) as a distinct branch of physical science was used first by whom and in which year? a. Rober Lowell, 1661 b. Erasmus Warren, 1690 c. Jean André de Luc, 1779 d. Horace Benedict de Saussure, 1779
A
a. Rober Lowell, 1661
3
Q
The earliest Greek philosopher to write a treatise on minerals and rocks titled Concerning Stones was a. Aristotle b. Democritus c. Pliny d. Theophrastus
A
d. Theophrastus
4
Q
What is the basic principle of geology? a. Uniformitarianism b. Natural selection c. Palaeomorphism d. Cataclastism
A
a. Uniformitarianism
5
Q
How many million years old is the Earth according to the latest determinations? a. 3900 b. 4200 c. 4600 d. 4800
A
c. 4600
6
Q
What is the outer, rigid part of the Earth’s crust consisting of the sial and the upper part of sima known as? a. Asthenosphere b. Bathysphere c. Lithosphere d. Atmosphere
A
c. Lithosphere
7
Q
Which part of the Earth is called the mantle? a. Zone just above the crust b. Zone just below the crust c. Zone in the middle of the crust d. Zone in the middle of the core
A
b. Zone just below the crust
8
Q
What is the estimated thickness of the Earth’s mantle? a. 2600 km b. 2900 km c. 3100 km d. 3500 km
A
b. 2900 km (or 2890 km)
9
Q
What is the zone within the upper mantle underlying the lithosphere called? a. Asthenosphere b. Magnetosphere c. Core d. Isostatic zone
A
a. Asthenosphere
10
Q
What is barysphere? a. Land surface beneath the atmosphere b. The Earth’s mantle c. The Earth’s core d. Entire interior of the Earth beneath the lithosphere
A
d. Entire interior of the Earth beneath the lithosphere
11
Q
What is the average thickness of the continental crust? a. 20-25 km b. 30-40 km c. 45-50 km d. 50-55 km
A
b. 30-40 km
12
Q
Which is the largest component of the Earth’s crust? a. Alumina b. Iron oxide c. Silica d. Carbonates
A
c. Silica
13
Q
What is core of the Earth made of? a. Iron-magnesium silicate b. Solid nickel-iron c. Liquid iron-nickel d. Light silicate materials
A
b. Solid nickel-iron
14
Q
What is the name of the instrument for measuring the angle between an inclined surface and the horizontal surface called? a. Clinometer b. Clinocompass c. Clinorule d. Dipmeter
A
a. Clinometer
15
Q
The total land surface of the Earth is what percentage of the surface area of the globe? a. About 20 b. About 25 c. About 30 d. about 35
A
c. About 30
16
Q
Wearing away of land by various natural agencies comes under the ambit of… a. Corrosion b. Attrition c. Degradation d. Denudation
A
d. Denudation Denudation-from the latin denudare, to strip bare, and involving the processes of weathering, transportation and erosion.
17
Q
The oldest rocks are dated from about? a. 3.5 billion years b. 4 billion years c. 4.3 billion years d. 4.6 billion years
A
b. 4 billion years Remember that the question is referring to the “oldest rocks” not a specific rock
18
Q
What is the percentage of non-sedimentary rocks on the Earth’s surface? a. 10 b. 25 c. 50 d. 70
A
b. 25
19
Q
Which is the most common mineral in the Earth’s crust? a. Quartz b. Mica c. Amphibole d. Feldspar
A
d. Feldspar
20
Q
Which is most abundant economic element in the Earth’s crust? a. Iron b. Aluminum c. Manganese d. Nickel
A
b. Aluminum
21
Q
But for this geologic material the present day IT (Information Technology) revolution would not have been possible. Name it. a. Selenium b. Radium c. Silicon d. Zirconium
A
c. Silicon
22
Q
What is magma? a. Lavas spewed out of volcanoes b. Granite melt c. Molten silicate fluid in the Earth’s crust d. Connate water trapped in sediments
A
c. Molten silicate fluid in the Earth’s crust
23
Q
Hydrosphere is which part of the Earth? a. Entire body of water on the surface b. Body of water under the lithosphere c. Water bodies on land d. Water contained in oceans
A
a. Entire body of water on the surface
24
Q
The branch of science concerned with the shape and size of the Earth, its gravitational field and location of fixed points is called a. Geophysics b. Geodesy c. Geonomy d. Geocosmology
A
b. Geodesy
25
Aerolite, siderolite and siderites are terms used for which celestial objects that strike the Earth from time to time? a. Comets b. Asteroids c. Meteorites d. Meteors
c. Meteorites
26
For dating of rocks potassium-40-decays to argon-40 with a half-life of how many billion years? a. 4.5 b. 5.0 c. 2.5 d. 1.3
d. 1.3
27
Rubidium-strontium method is used for which measurement in geology? a. Rock erosion b. Geologic time c. Deposition of sediments d. Lava flows
b. Geologic time
28
Fission-track method is used for what purpose? a. Dating of minerals b. Identification of micas c. Dating of rocks d. Determination of glass in rocks
a. Dating of minerals
29
For what are isotopes of an element used in geology? a. In analysis of minerals b. In radioactive dating c. In stratigraphic analysis d. Classification of minerals
b. In radioactive dating
30
Varve analysis is done to calculate what?
a. Age of glacial deposits
31
Rocks that are not transported and occur in situ are said to be…
b. Autochthonus
32
What is a non-igneous rock surrounded by an igneous intrusion called? a. Bedrock b. Solid rock c. Basement rock d. Country rock
d. Country rock
33
What is a geological ‘envelope’? a. Country rock b. Metamorphic aureole c. Crystalline core of a sedimentary rock fold d. Rocks lying over a batholith
c. Crystalline core of a sedimentary rock fold
34
What was the name of the project of drilling through the earth’s crust? a. Mohole project b. Big hole project c. Challenger deep sea project d. Benioff project
a. Mohole project Project Mohole: was an attempt in the early 1960s to drill through the Earth's crust to obtain samples of the MohoroviÄić discontinuity Big hole project: This hole, now filled partly with water, is the remains of an early diamond mine in a kimberlite Challenger deep sea project (Deep sea challenger): James Cameron successfully piloted the DEEPSEA CHALLENGER—outfitted for scientific exploration—to the ocean's deepest point, where he collected samples and documented the experience in the high-resolution 3-D for which he's known globally.
35
What is a craton? a. Part of Earth’s crust consisting of a stable mass of rock b. Stable mass of rock in a volcanic project c. Part of Earth’s crust subject to earthquakes d. Chain of volcanic islands
a. Part of Earth’s crust consisting of a stable mass of rock
36
What is Mohorovicic Discontinuity a. Interface between the upper and lower mantles b. Layer between mantle and core c. Separation between crust and mantle d. Separation between inner and outer core
c. Separation between crust and mantle
37
What is the name of the break marking the mantle-core boundary?
a. Gutenberg Discontinuity
38
Seismic evidence marks Conrad Discontinuity between what? a. The continental slope and the sea bed b. The upper and the lower crust c. The upper and the lower core d. The upper and the lower mantle
b. The upper and the lower crust
39
A line joining points of equal time intervals or ages is known as… a. Isobar b. Isochron c. Isogal d. Isopach
b. Isochron Isobar: similar pressure Isochron: Age Isogal: gravitational acceleration Isopach: equal thickness Isotherm: same temperature Isograd: metamorphic grade is the same Isobath: equal depth under water Isobathytherm: A line representing depths of water with equal temperature. Isochasm: A line representing points of equal recurrence of auroras.
40
The first proof of the preservation of oxygen in the rocks came from which geological record? a. Archaean b. Proterozoic c. Cambrian d. Holocene
b. Proterozoic
41
Solifluction is the term for what process? a. Movement of soil due to alternate freezing and thawing b. Downhill of rock due to rains c. Formation of sinkholes in limestones d. Retreat and advance of a glacier
a. Movement of soil due to alternate freezing and thawing
42
What is the petrologic name of the lower part of the Earth’s crust? a. Simetite b. Sialma c. Sialite d. Sima
d. Sima
43
Pyroclastic rocks are considered as what? a. Igneous b. Sedimentary c. Both igneous and sedimentary d. None of these
c. Both igneous and sedimentary
44
A phenoclast is to be found in which kind of rock?
c. Sedimentary
45
Pyrogenic deposition is due to which geologic process? a. Sedimentation of volcanic ejectment b. Welding of pyroclasts c. Magmatic process d. Volcanism
c. Magmatic process Pyrogenic: of relating to igneous origin
46
What is a tuff? a. Rock deposited by precipitation of calcium carbonate b. Ejected lava c. Any extra hard rock d. Compacted volcanic ash
d. Compacted volcanic ash
47
What is understood be mélange?
d. Rocks of diverse character mingled together
48
Name the scientist who pioneered the study of rocks in thin section under the microscope.
b. Henry Sorby
49
What was the contribution of Austrian mineralogist Friedrich Mohs to the science of geology? a. Development of goniometer b. Preparation of mineral thin sections c. Classification of crystal classes d. Construction of a scale of mineral hardness
d. Construction of a scale of mineral hardness
50
Edward Suess made several basic contributions to geology. He was a national of which country? a. England b. Germany c. Switzerland d. Austria
d. Austria Eduard Suess was an Austrian scientist who made contributions to geology and biology. He proposed the existence of the southern supercontinent, Gondwana, which comprised today's landmasses of the southern hemisphere, and of the Tethys Ocean, which separated Laurasia and Gondwana. Geoges Cuvier: France AG. Werner: Germany James Hutton: Scotland Harry Hess: America William Smith: England Charles Lyell: Scotland
51
Who was the geologist who advanced and named the ‘Theory of Isostasy’? a. C. B. Airy b. J. H. Pratt c. C. E. Dutton d. George Everest
c. C. E. Dutton Pratt vs Airy George Everest: The peak (Mt. Everest) was named after British surveyor George Everest in 1856.
52
A gravity anomaly that takes into account the effect of topography but not isostatic compensation is named after which mathematician? a. Pierre Bouguer b. E. C. Bullerd c. K. O. Emery d. D. H. Tarling
a. Pierre Bouguer
53
The Theory of Continental Drift was basically developed by whom? a. Richard Wagner b. Alfred Wegener c. F. B. Talor d. H. B. Baker
b. Alfred Wegener
54
The theory Uniformitarianism was developed by whom? a. James Hutton b. William Smith c. A. G. Werner d. Georges Cuvier
a. James Hutton William Smith: Faunal succession A.G. Werner: Neptunism, proposing that rocks formed from the crystallisation of minerals in the early Earth's oceans Georges Cuvier: Catastrophism, that the Earth has largely been shaped by sudden, short-lived, violent events, possibly worldwide in scope.
55
The title of the book by Charles Lyell which laid the foundation of modern geology is… a. Origin of the Earth b. Understanding the Earth c. Fundamentals of Geology d. Principles of Geology
d. Principles of Geology
56
What crucial theory of the science of geology, now a part of the theory of plate tectonics, has an Indian connection? a. Isostasy b. Geodesy c. Continental drift d. Seafloor spreading
c. Continental drift
57
The now-discarded neptunean theory of the origin of the Earth was developed by which geologist, who otherwise was a great teacher of the subject in his time?
b. A. G. Werner
58
Name the great mineralogist who invented the goniometer?
c. W. H. Wollaston
59
Which paleontologist advanced the theory that vast areas of the Earth had once been covered by ice? a. Ferdinand Zirkel b. K. A. von Zittel c. J. L. Agassiz d. R. C. Moore
c. J. L. Agassiz
60
What do the geologists owe to the invention by William Nicol?
a. Polarizing microscope
61
What is the ability of anisotropic minerals to split plane-polarized light into two rays as it passes through them called?
Birefringence
62
Natural selection of the species is the basic principle of evolution of life. Name the naturalist who enunciated this principle.
Charles Darwin
63
The very first Noble Prize for Physics was won in 1901 by W. K. RÅ‘ntgen for a discovery that has a bearing on the study of mineralogy. What was it?
X-radiation
64
The great forgery that shook the geological world in the early 20th century is known by the name of…
Piltdown Mystery
65
A European traveler wrote an extensive account of the diamond mines in India during his visit in medieval times. Who was he?
Jean-baptiste Tavernier
66
Where are the headquarters of the International Union of Geological Sciences located?
Paris
67
A clinometer is required to measure what?
Angle of inclination of beds
68
A stereoscope is used for which purpose?
To view aerial photographs in three dimension
69
An instrument used by geologists has a rotating stage. Which is it? a. Theodolite b. petrological microscope c. Brunton compass d. sextant
petrological microscope
70
A postage stamp was issued in the year 1951 on a geological object. What?
A fossil
71
AABW
Antarctic Bottom Water
72
AAC
antarctic convergence
73
An intrusion with outcrop of less than 40 square miles a. Stock b. Phacolith c. Bysmalith d. Megalith
a. Stock
74
To differentiate k-feldspar from plagioclase, there is a method which includes the exposure of the rock surface for about 5mins to HF acid, which is then immersed in a strong solution of sodium cobaltinitrite. This is known as the a. Daly method b. Grout method c. Rogers and Niggli method d. Gabriel and Cox method
d. Gabriel and Cox method
75
Which of the following has a degree of 4 in Si-O polymerization? a. Tectosilicates b. Inosilicates (pyroxene group) c. Nesosilicates d. Phyllosilicates
c. Nesosilicates
76
A rock mass consisting of many alternating layers of igneous and sedimentary rocks in a sill relationship. a. Stromatolith b. Pseudo-sill c. Rythmith d. Malignite
b. Pseudo-sill
77
You probably use the word “boss†to refer a person. But the word “boss†in geology is defined as: a. Superimposed episode of intrusions b. Cylindrical-shaped igneous body c. Small stocks from the roof of a concealed batholith d. None of the above
c. Small stocks from the roof of a concealed batholith
78
A green chromian muscovite variety a. Lepidolite b. Phlogopite c. Fuschite d. Vermiculite e. Stilpnomelane
c. Fuschite
79
The “Madelung Constant†is an important numerical value in determining the strength of the bond. This constant is found on what type of bond? a. Van der Waals bond b. Metallic bond c. Ionic bond d. Covalent bond e. Hydrogen bond
c. Ionic bond
80
The type area of charnockites is located on what country? a. Switzerland b. Germany c. USA d. India e. Nepal
d. India
81
(Early Paleozoic) The Transcontinental Arch is located in which direction with respect to the Canadian shield? a. North b. East c. West d. South
d. South
82
What were the top predators of the Silurian seas? a. Ammonoids b. Trilobites c. Brachiopods d. Eurypterids e. Jawed fishes
e. Jawed fishes
83
What assemblage best represents the first multicellular organisms of the Neoproterozoic? a. Burgess Shale Fauna b. La Brea Tar Pits c. Messel Oil Shale d. Ediacaran e. Solnhofen Limestone
d. Ediacaran
84
The Taconian Orogeny marked the boundary of the southeastern portion of which continental landmass in the Paleozoic? a. Siberia b. Laurentia c. China d. Kazakhstania e. Avalonia
b. Laurentia
85
The end of the Proterozoic was marked by a severe glaciation event known as the a. Valanginian Glaciation b. Varangian Glaciation c. Valangian Glaciation d. Valaranginian Glaciation
b. Varangian Glaciation
86
What are the most common fossils in Ordovician rocks? a. Bryozoans b. Echinoderms c. Brachiopods d. Sponges e. Corals
c. Brachiopods
87
Which of the following is not a part of the Appalachian Mobile Belt? a. Acadian Orogeny b. Allegheny Orogeny c. Taconic Orogeny d. Antler Orogeny
d. Antler Orogeny
88
What do you call the oldest known eukaryotes? a. Bangiomorpha b. Hallucigenia c. Ophiomorpha d. Grypania e. Trypanites
a. Bangiomorpha
89
Unconformities are often marked by the presence of this mineral in the sediments a. Glaucophane b. Riebeckite c. Glauconite d. Anorthosite
c. Glauconite
90
Which among the following is the first recorded major transgression in the North American craton? a. Tippecanoe Sequence b. Sauk Sequence c. Kaskaskia Sequence d. Absaroka Sequence e. Alleghenian Sequence
b. Sauk Sequence
91
Permo-Triassic Extinction is attributed to? a. Volcanism b. Oean Anoxia c. Glaciation d. Warming Event
a. Volcanism b. Oean Anoxia c. Glaciation d. Warming Event
92
All of these organisms occupied the niches as reef-forming organisms during the Middle Ordovician except? a. Stromatoporoids b. Crinoids c. Bryozoans d. Sponges e. Brachiopods
d. Sponges
93
What organism occupied the niche as reefforming organisms during the Early Cambrian? a. Bryozoans b. Archeocyathids c. Rugose corals d. Sponges e. Tabulate corals
b. Archeocyathids
94
Following the deposition of the black shales during the Late Devonian-Early Mississippian, what type of deposition dominated during the remainder of the period? a. Clastics b. Evaporates c. Carbonates d. Cherts
c. Carbonates
95
The Milankovitch Cycles are governed by astronomical phenomena, namely: a. Precession, Obliquity, and Eccentricity b. Wobbling of the earth’s axis, tilt of the earth’s axis, eccentricity c. Eccentricity only d. Precession and wobbling of the earth’s axis only
a. Precession, Obliquity, and Eccentricity b. Wobbling of the earth's axis, tilt of the earth's axis, eccentricity
96
Which of the following has been proposed to account for Pleistocene extinctions? a. Meteorite impact b. Climate change c. Migration of mammals d. Increased energy from the sun
b. Climate change
97
The time from 1500 to sometime during the 1800s when glaciers expanded markedly is referred to as the a. Little Ice Age b. Medieval Cold Spell c. Milankovitch Cycle d. Proglacial Lake Episode
a. Little Ice Age
98
This term is used for a failed rift margin a. Horst b. Aulacogen c. Accretionary wedge d. Decollement
b. Aulacogen
99
As North America moved westward, the _______ plate was largely consumed as it was subducted beneath the continent a. Zuni b. Cascade c. Alpine d. Farallon
d. Farallon
100
India started to collide with Eurasia at this epoch (Hall, 2002) a. Maastrichtian b. Eocene c. Pliocene d. Oligocene e. Danian
b. Eocene
101
Himalayas formed when the ______ plate collided with _______ plate a. Farallon/Pacific b. Nazca/Coscos c. African/ South American d. Indian/Asian
d. Indian/Asian
102
What were the main reef builders in the Cretaceous? a. Rudists b. Scleractinian corals c. Sponges d. Brachiopods e. Bryozoans
a. Rudists
103
The extreme concentration of this sediment allowed a probable hypothesis for the KT Extinction a. Iodine b. Protactinium c. Ilium d. Iridium
d. Iridium
104
These two provinces in the Philippines are known to have ammonite fossils a. Mindoro and Catanduanes b. Cebu and Bohol c. Mindoro and Negros d. Catanduanes and Negros
a. Mindoro and Catanduanes
105
The first major seaway to flood North America was a. Cretaceous Interior Seaway b. Cordilleran c. Sundance d. Newark
106
Which orogenic event is responsible for the creation of Sierra Nevada in the Rocky Mountains? a. Cordilleran Orogeny b. Sonoma Orogeny c. Laramide Orogeny d. Hudsonian Orogeny
a. Cordilleran Orogeny
107
During the Jurassic, the newly formed Gulf of Mexico was the site of primarily what type of deposition? a. Clastics b. Evaporates c. Chert d. Volcanoclastic
b. Evaporates
108
The first major phase of Cordilleran mountain building is called a. Nevadian Orogeny b. Sevier Orogeny c. Laramide Orogeny d. Hudsonian Orogeny
a. Nevadian Orogeny
109
Final stage of Pangaea break up? a. Paleocene b. Eocene c. Jurassic d. Cretaceous
d. Cretaceous
110
Triassic rifting between two continental landmasses initiated the breakup of Pangaea a. India and Australia b. Antarctica and South America c. North and South America d. North America and Eurasia
d. North America and Eurasia
111
Pangaea began to rift during the? a. Permian b. Triassic c. Jurassic d. Cretaceous
c. Jurassic The first phase of Pangea's break up began in the early-middle Jurassic (about 175 million years). Pangea began to rift from the Tethys Ocean in the east to the Pacific in the west. The rifting that takes place between North America and Africa produced multiple failed rifts (Wikipedia)
112
The Queenston Delta Clastic wedge resulted from weathering and erosion of the _______ highlands a. Taconic b. Nevadian c. Acadian d. Sevier
a. Taconic
113
Extinction at the end of the Devonian is often attributed to? a. Volcanism b. Ocean anoxia c. Glaciation d. Impact event
c. Glaciation
114
Extinction at the end of the Ordovician is often attributed to? a. Volcanism b. Ocean anoxia c. Glaciation d. Impact event
c. Glaciation
115
What sedimentary sequence deposited after the Tippecanoe sequence associated with Mississippian black shales and major reefbuilding events in the Devonian? a. Absaroka sequence b. Kaskaskia sequence c. Cordilleran sequence d. Hercynian sequence
b. Kaskaskia sequence
116
When was the formation of Pangaea completed? a. Triassic b. Devonian c. Carboniferous d. Permian
d. Permian
117
What is the rock distinctly formed and was a marker for the Carboniferous due to its extensive deposition? a. Red sandstones b. Black shales c. Coal d. Barrier reefs
c. Coal
118
Upon closing of the southern Iapetus Ocean, which of the orogenies are found in the southwest portion of Laurasia? a. Hercynian b. Allegheny c. Ouachita d. Acadian
d. Acadian
119
Which of the following is/are evidence of increase in oxygen in the atmosphere in the Proterozoic? a. Continental red beds b. Bander Iron Formations c. Presence of stromatolites d. All of the above
d. All of the above
120
Which of the following is the oldest complete ophiolite sequence? a. Semali ophiolite b. Papau ophiolite c. Jormua Mafic-Ultramafic Complex d. Trodos ophiolite
c. Jormua Mafic-Ultramafic Complex
121
The first recognized supercontinent is called ______ a. Avalonia b. Pangaea c. Rodinia d. Pannotia
c. Rodinia
122
Which of the following is considered as the final episode of orogeny for laurentia? a. Thelon orogeny b. Grenville orogeny c. Wopmay orogeny d. Penokean orogeny
b. Grenville orogeny
123
These are mounds left by cyanobacteria that are said to be one of the earliest traces of life on earth a. Stromatoporoid b. Stromatolite c. Stromatopoid d. Stromalite
b. Stromatolite
124
The first group of organisms documented in the earth's history are a. Bacteria and Archea b. Archea and protists c. Protists and fungi d. Plants and protists
a. Bacteria and Archea
