cortex development

Question 1

what happens if the one cell thick neural tube doesn’t turn into the multiple layered cortices of the cerebrum and cerebellum?

Answer 1

you get developmental abnormalities suchas lissencephaly (smooth brain) and migration problems

Question 2

how do the neural tube cells divide?

Answer 2

by nuclear translocation

Question 3

when does the neural tube’s cell division take place?

Answer 3

when the nucleus is at the inner surface, in the ventricular zone

Question 4

how can you identify the marginal zone?

Answer 4

it’s relatively cell body free

Question 5

why can it look as if the neural tube is made up of multiple layers?

Answer 5

because the cell bodies can shuttle up and down (not into marginal zone though)

Question 6

when does cell division rate increase?

Answer 6

when the neuropores close

Question 7

what is a neuropore?

Answer 7

they’re the pores at the end when the flat sheet forms a neural tube

Question 8

when the cerebral cortex is forming how is the pre-plate formed?

Answer 8

from post-mitotic cells moving from the ventricular zone to start forming the pre-plate

Question 9

which cells in the marginal zone move off first?

Answer 9

the cajal-retzius cells

Question 10

what is formed under the cajal-retzius cells?

Answer 10

the subplate

Question 11

where does the cortical plate form?

what does this split?

Answer 11

under the marginal zone, above the intermediate zone.

splits the preplate and form many layers of the adult cortex

Question 12

how can you tell that the cajal-retzius cells are making lots of proteins?

Answer 12

because there’s lots of RER and also the chromatin in the nucleus is making lots of mRNA

Question 13

what do cajal-retzius cells secrete?

Answer 13

Reelin

Question 14

what is reelin?

Answer 14

made up of 3460 AAs and is ECM like

Question 15

what happened in Reeler mice studies?

Answer 15

the preplate formed but the cortical layers were malformed, showing parralels to lissencephaly

Question 16

what is cajal-retzius cell development regulated by?

Answer 16

Foxg1

Question 17

what is seen in a Foxg1 -/-?

Answer 17

too many cajal-retzius cells, the cells are being made but aren’t migrating properly.

Question 18

how can cell birthdays be found? how does this work and what does it show?

Answer 18

using 3H-thymidine to incorprate into DNA on cell division, injected into female mouse at different stages of dev, can see the different parts. the earlier on in dev the closer the cells are to the ventrical margin.

Question 19

question about cortical layer conufdj

Answer 19

look at this on echo thing

Question 20

more question

Answer 20

echo check

Question 21

one more

Answer 21

do this!!

Question 22

what is cell migration usually associated with?

Answer 22

radial glia

Question 23

how do cells move radially?

Answer 23

cell body at the inner space and then send processes to the outer space

Question 24

is all migration radial?

Answer 24

no some can move tangially

Question 25

what markers do radial glia have? what happens to these during dev?

Answer 25

astrocyte markers, these disappear after development as they are no longer needed.

Question 26

what kind of cells are the glia?

Answer 26

they are stem cells

Question 27

do all the radial glia disappear?

Answer 27

no the bergmann glia cells of the cerebellum don't this could be due to the cerebellums late development

Question 28

where does the cerebellum form?

Answer 28

at the roof of the 11th ventricle

Question 29

what is the cerebellum consist of?

Answer 29

the cortical region and the central nuclei (deep cerebellar)

Question 30

what is the cortical layer made up of?

Answer 30

the molecular layer purkinje layer granule layer white matter

Question 31

where does the cerebellum form?

Answer 31

at the boundry of the mid and hind brains

Question 32

what's characteristic about the roof of the 4th ventricle? what does this mean for the ventricular zone?

Answer 32

it's very thin, the VZ is very close to the surface when it's usually deep within, the cells on the inside are very close to the outside.

Question 33

where are the rhombic lip cells?

Answer 33

at the superior and inferior edges of the medullary velum

Question 34

what happens to the very thing roof of the 4th ventricle on embryonic14-16, E17, then what happens?

Answer 34

the roof starts to bend in, cells start to appear on the outer surface, then more cells and this continues to happen until the cerebellum is formed.

Question 35

what do the superior rhombic lip cells form?

Answer 35

the external germinal layer

Question 36

what produces all other cell types of the cerebellum?

Answer 36

the ventricular zone

Question 37

what does the inferior rhombic lip produce?

Answer 37

the pontine nuclei and inferior olive

Question 38

what does the External germ layer produce? what do these then do?

Answer 38

it produces granule cells (neurons) these then migrate inwardly.

Question 39

what happens as granule cells increase and what starts to appear?

Answer 39

the cerebellum's mass increases and folia appear

Question 40

what regulates the production of rhombic lip cells? what is this?

Answer 40

MATH-1, this is a transcription factor

Question 41

what happens if there's no MATH-1?

Answer 41

there's no foliation, no internal germ layer and no pontine nucleii in the cerebellum

Question 42

what do purkinje cells release and what does this stimulate?

Answer 42

Shh, stims mitosis in the external germ layer

Question 43

what happens to the layers in the cerebellum in reeler mice?

Answer 43

they have disordered layers

Question 44

where is reelin synthesised in the cerebellum?

Answer 44

in the external germ layer