Cortical Function 1&2

Question 1

_____________ is a pseudo-science which involves the measurement of bumps on the skull to predict mental traits

Answer 1

Phrenology

Question 2

Broadmanns areas:
1,2,3:
4:
6:
22:
39:
40:
43:
44,45:

Answer 2

1, 2, 3: Primary sensory
4: motor
6: Premotor
22: Wernicke’s area
39: Read symbols
40: Articulate symbols
43: Secondary sensory (under temporal)
44, 45: Broca’s Area

Question 3

Somatosensory cortex is in which areas?

Answer 3

1,2,3

Question 4

Is somatosensory cortex unilateral or bilateral? What does this mean?

Answer 4

Bilateral
- L somatosensory receives the information from the Right side of the body

Question 5

What are the tests you can use to check cortical function?

Answer 5

• 2 point discrimination
• Stereognosis
• Graphesthesia

Question 6

________ is the mental perception of depth or three-dimensionality by the senses, usually in reference to the ability to perceive the form of solid objects by touch.

Answer 6

Stereognosis

Question 7

____________ is the ability to recognize symbols when they’re traced on the skin

Answer 7

Graphesthesia

Question 8

What are the steps for the non-head mechanosensory pathway?

Answer 8

1. 1st nucleus: Dorsal root ganglion → Dorsal column
2. 2nd n: Gracile Nucleus (lower body) or Cuneate nucleus (upper body) → Cross over → medial lemniscus
3. 3rd n: VPL of thalamus

Question 9

What is the pathway for head mechanosensory?

Answer 9

1. 1st nucleus: Trigeminal ganglion
2. 2nd nucleus: Principal nucleus of CN V/Trigeminal complex → Medial lemniscus → Trigeminal lemniscus
3. 3rd nucleus: VPL nucleus of Thalamus

Question 10

_________ is the inability to transform language (transform = think something then say it!)

Answer 10

Aphasia

Question 11

Brocas aphasia is caused by a lesion in areas _____, this results in what??

Answer 11

-44, 45
- inability to speak language

Question 12

Is brocas aphasia caused by lesions on the right or left side?

Answer 12

Left

Question 13

What are some historical cases of Brocas aphasia?

Answer 13

-Leborgne: only say “tan”
Had a worse lesion than Lelong!
-Lelong: could only say oui, non, tois, toujours, Lelo

Question 14

Wernickes aphasia is caused by lesions in area _____. What does this cause?

Answer 14

Area 22
- Lesion causes inability to understand words and language organization
Patients speak gibberish although rhythm and syntax are normal

Question 15

Brocas aphasia is also called ___________, and Wernickes aphasia is also called ________

Answer 15

• Expressive aphasia
• receptive aphasia

Question 16

____________ is the inability to transform sensory stimuli (NOT speech!)

Answer 16

Agnosia

Question 17

What areas are agnosia associated with? How are the agnosias caused by these two areas different?

Answer 17

-Area 39: ability to recognize written words
- Area 40: ability to write and interpret similar words

Question 18

which side are the areas located on for agnosia? Left or right?

Answer 18

Left

Question 19

__________ is a difficulty recognizing writing, including order and orientation of letters.

What area are lesions that cause this located in?

Answer 19

Dyslexia
Areas 39,40

Question 20

In dyslexia, Lesions of 39 can spillover into _____, causing symptoms of hearing and reading comprehension to occur together

Answer 20

Area 22

Question 21

What is unilateral neglect caused by?

Answer 21

a parietal lobe lesion (Areas 1, 2, 3, 39, 40 are here)

Question 22

Areas of parietal lobe outside of the postcentral gyrus = part of the _____________

Answer 22

association cortex

Question 23

What does the association cortex associated with? What goes wrong in unilateral neglect?

Answer 23

associates stimuli/sensation with thought/object, the sensation is fine, but you can’t associate it with the thought!

Question 24

____________ is the inability to recognize faces (facial recognition revealed by electrical traces in the temporal lobe__________)

Answer 24

Prosopagnosia

• fusiform gyrus

Question 25

On what side of the fusiform gyrus is facial recognition located on?? Right or left??

Answer 25

Right

Question 26

_________ is a Normal blind spot in the middle of the retina where the optic nerve is

Answer 26

Scotoma

Question 27

Is vision loss usually bilateral or contralateral?

Answer 27

Usually contralateral, RARELY BILATERAL

Question 28

In which case is there bilateral vision loss?

Answer 28

benign pituitary tumor -Bilateral loss of vision HAS to be in the (optic chiasm, where the crossover happens)

Question 29

_______________ is a broad term used to describe the damage of higher functioning processes of the brain

Answer 29

Prefrontal lobe syndrome

Question 30

What can prefrontal lobe syndrome cause?

Answer 30

-Problems with executive function: memory, planning, problem solving -Personality changes: problems controlling emotions, anger, impulsiveness, lack of control over reaction to input from limbic structures

Question 31

_________ is the loss of social abilities

Answer 31

Abulia

Question 32

_________ stroke is a constriction of blood flow _______ stroke is bleeding in the brain

Answer 32

Ischemic Hemorrhagic

Question 33

___________ are branches of the middle cerebral artery that supply the area of the internal capsule

Answer 33

Striate arteries

Question 34

Label the numbered arteries

Answer 34

1- anterior cerebral a 2- internal carotid a 3- middle cerebral a. 4- posterior cerebral . 5- superior cerebella a 6- basilar a. 7- anterior inferior cerebellar a 8-vertebral a 9- posterior inferior cerebellar a

Question 35

What are the three brain regions that are supplied by the anterior, middle and posterior cerebellar artery ?

Answer 35

Anterior cerebral artery: looks like a mohawk! Middle cerebral artery: in the middle! Posterior cerebral artery: back/bottom of brain

Question 36

What are the Certain functional areas that are associated with cerebral arteries?

Answer 36

Anterior: below shoulder Middle: from shoulder up Posterior: mostly occipital lobe

Question 37

What is the FAST test?

Answer 37

-Facial drooping Ask person to smile -Arm weakness Ask person to raise both arms -Speech difficulties Ask person to repeat a phrase -Time Time to call 911!!