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UM - Neuro Science > Cortical Organization - E2 > Flashcards

Cortical Organization - E2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the localization theory?

A

Specific functions are assigned to regions of the cerebral cortex and they operate independently of each other

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2
Q

Broadman’s areas 41, 42, and 22 basic disorders, dysfunction and region of brain

A

Temporal lobe

Disorders of auditory sensation and perception. Dysfunction: Unilateral lesion –> partial hearing loss in CL ear

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3
Q

What deficits would you find from damage to the R temporal lobe (per the Localization Theory)?

A

R:

  • 41,42,22: L hearing loss
  • Long term memory: Nonverbal (designs, what you did)

Bil:

  • Selective attn, distractibility
  • Change in personality/affect
  • Changes in sexual activity
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4
Q

What deficits would you find from damage to the R frontal lobe (per the Localization Theory)?

A

R:
- 4: L hemiparesis/plegia

Bil:

  • 6 (lateral): PMA
  • 6 (medial): SMA
  • Impaired response inhibition (distractable, dec. : judgement, consid of outcomes, elabo.)
  • Impaired social behaviour (apathy, dec. initiation, no social graces)
  • Altered Sexual Behaviour
  • Dec. behav. spontaneity
  • Poor recency memory
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5
Q

Function of PMA vs SMA

A

PMA is planning and production of complex motor tasks by SMA is planning and execution of complex motor behaviour

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6
Q

What deficits would you find from damage to the L frontal lobe (per the Localization Theory)?

A

L:

  • 4: R hemiparesis/plegia
  • 44: Broaca’s area - Expressibe aphasia

Bil:

  • 6 (lateral): PMA
  • 6 (medial): SMA
  • Impaired response inhibition (distractable, dec. : judgement, consid of outcomes, elabo.)
  • Impaired social behaviour (apathy, dec. initiation, no social graces)
  • Altered Sexual Behaviour
  • Dec. behav. spontaneity
  • Poor recency memory
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7
Q

What deficits would you find from damage to the L temporal lobe (per the Localization Theory)?

A

L:

  • R hearing loss (41, 42, 22)
  • Long-term memory: Verbal
  • 22: Wernicke’s Area - Receptive aphasia

Bil:

  • Selective attn, distractibility
  • Change in personality/affect
  • Changes in sexual activity
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8
Q

What deficits would you find from damage to the R Parietal lobe (per the Localization Theory)?

A

R:

  • Short term memory: Non-verbal
  • L sided neglect
  • Spatial apraxia
  • Disorders of spatial ability
  • Disorders of drawing

Bil:

  • 3,1,2: Sensation
  • 5,7: Stereognosis
  • 39,40: Cross-modal matching (visual, sensory, auditory)
  • Disorders of body image
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9
Q

What deficits would you find from damage to the L Parietal lobe (per the Localization Theory)?

A

L:

  • Short-term memory: Verbal
  • Apraxia
  • Disorders of language
  • Acalculia
  • R/L confusion
  • Disorders of writing

Bil:

  • 3,1,2: Sensation
  • 5,7: Stereognosis
  • 39,40: Cross-modal matching (visual, sensory, auditory)
  • Disorders of body image
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10
Q

Which side of the brain is associated w/non-verbal disorders?

A

Non-dominant or Right hemisphere

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11
Q

Which side of the brain is associated w/verbal disorders?

A

Dominant or Left hemisphere

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12
Q

What part of the brain is associated w/disorders of spatial ability?

A

Non-dominant or Right Parietal lobe

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13
Q

Which part of the brain is associated w/…
a) long term
b) short term
Memory?

A

a) Temporal = Long

b) Short = parietal

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14
Q

Which hemisphere is more…

a) logical
b) creative

A

a) Dominant (Left) = logical

b) Non-dominant (Right) = creative

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15
Q

Where in the brain do you get hearing disorders?

A

Temporal lobes: areas 41,42,22

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16
Q

Where in the brain do you get sensory disordres?

A

Parietal lobe 3,1,2

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17
Q

Where in the brain do you get motor disorders?

A

4: Hemiparesis
6: lateral PMA medial SMA

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18
Q

Where and what is area 44?

What does damage to that area cause?

A

Dominant (left) frontal lobe - Broca’s area

Damage = expressive aphasia

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19
Q

Where and what is area 4?

What does damage to that area cause?

A

Primary Motor Cortex in R and L frontal lobes

cause hemiparesis or hemiplegia of CL side

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20
Q

Where and what is area 3,1,2?

What does damage to that area cause?

A

Primary Somatosensory Cortex in R and L parietal lobes w/3 more “ant”

Damage causes disorders of tactile dysfunction and perception and sensation

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21
Q

Where and what is area 39 and 40?

What does damage to that area cause?

A

Sensory association area in Parietal Lobe

Damage causes Impaired cross modal matching (visual, aud, and sesnory together)

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22
Q

Where and what is area 6?

What does damage to that area cause?

A

Medial is SMA and Lateral is PMA in frontal cortex R and L

Damage causes disorders of planning, production, organization, and execution of complex motor behaviours

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23
Q

Where and what is area 5,7?

What does damage to that area cause?

A

It is in the parietal lobe for stereognosis

Damage causes visual or tactile agnosia

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24
Q

Where and what is area 17,18,19?

What does damage to that area cause?

A

Occipital Lobe

Damage causes visual problems

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25
Q

Where and what is area 22?

What does damage to that area cause?

A

Wernicke’s Area in L Temporal Lobe

Damage causes receptive aphasia

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26
Q

Where do you see disorder of music, pitch, rhythm?

A

in R (non-dom) hemisphere

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27
Q

Where do you see disorders of language?

A

In L (dom) hemisphere

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28
Q

What does focal damage to the face region in area 4 and area 3,1,2 cause?

A

dysarthria

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29
Q

What is the connectionism theory?

A

It is a theory of cortical organization based on neuroanatomy that states bundles of axons connect various brain areas together and allow an exchange of information b/t lobes/areas and b/t hemispheres

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30
Q

What are the commissural fibers in the connectionism theory?

ex?

A

(un)myelinated axons that cross the midline and interconnect the hemispheres

Ex) Corpus callosum (interconnects the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes)

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31
Q

What are the association fibers in the connectionism theory?

ex?

A

(Un)myelinated axons that interconnect areas of the same cerebral hemisphere

Ex) Arcuate fasciculus (connects temp, par & temp lobes w/in same hemi)

32
Q

What are the projection fibers in the connectionism theory?

ex?

A

(Un)myelinated axons project up and down the neuroaxis (cranial <> caudal)

Ex) Internal capsule

33
Q

What is the cellular connectionism theory

A

It is a theory of cortical organization that combines the localization and connectionism theory to state that:
All hemi fun. dependent on discrete, identifiable collections of cells that have integrated, specific connections w/in and across the hemispheres and in other parts of the brain and SC up and down the neuroaxis

34
Q

What is example 1 of the Evidence of cellular connectionism theory?

A

The Wernicke-Geschwind Model of Language

35
Q

What is the Wernicke-Geschwind Model of Language?

A

(Example 1 of the cellular connectionism theory)

Multiple areas and their inter-connections are responsible for the whole function of speech

36
Q

What are the 8 components of the Wernicke-Geschwind Model of Language

A
  1. Visual input (17 primary & 18,19 association)
  2. Auditory input (41,42)
  3. Tactile/proprioceptive input SI (1,2,3)
  4. Left Wernicke’s area (22)
  5. Left angular gyrus (39)
  6. Left arcuate fasciculus
  7. Left pre- and post-central gyri (3,1,2 and 4)
  8. Left Broca’s area
37
Q

Which area of the brain do you get x aphasia according to the Wernicke-Geschwind Model of Language?

a) receptive
b) conduction
c) expressive

A

a) wernicke’s area (22 - temporal)
b) arcuate fasiculus
c) broca’s area (44 - frontal)

38
Q

What is example 2 of the Evidence of cellular connectionism theory?

A

5 cortical areas in motor control - produces visually and goal-oriented, voluntary movement

39
Q

List the 5 cortical areas involved in motor control (Ex. 2 of Evidence of Cellular Connectionism Theory)

A
  1. Motor Cortex (MI aka B. 4)
  2. Sensory Cortex (SI aka B. 312)
  3. Pre-motor area (PMA 6 lateral, 8)
  4. Supplementary motor area (SMA B. 6 medial)
  5. Posterior Parietal Lobe (B. 5&7)
40
Q

What does micro-stimulation of the MI/B4 cause?

A

Isolated contractions of individual mms

41
Q

When is MI/B4 active?

A

Immediately before and during movement and is the last cortical area to “fire” prior to mvmt onset

42
Q

What does the DC frequency of the CST neurons encode (from MI/B4)?

A

FORCE AND RATE OF FORCE prod used to move the limb

NOT corresponding to position changes of the limb

43
Q

What does the Evarts 1968 study show?

A

(MI portion of 5 cortical areas for Ex 2 of Cellular Connectionism Theory)

Shows that the CST neurons in the MI region do not correspond with the direction of mvmt/position change of a limb, but rather with the force and rate of force being used (Wrist flexion w/extension load = Extensors active whereas flexion w/flexion load is flexion neurons active)

44
Q

What does the Georgopolus 1982 study show?

A

(MI portion of 5 cortical areas for Ex 2 of Cellular Connectionism Theory)

Individual MI neurons are sensitive to a mvmt direction during a “center-out” task and fire predominately to mvmts in the preferred direction, but also to a lesser degree to mvmts in other directions

45
Q

What are population vectors per Georgopoulos (1982)?

A

The vectorial summation of single-cell contributions to accurately predict the direction of mvmt in 2/3D space to represent firing intensity avg. over a specific temporal period. & the cells preferred direction

46
Q

What is true of the PMA? (Cellular Connectionism Theory Ex. 2)

A

Activity proceeds MI by <= 1 second and it is responsible for planning and prod of purposeful, complex mvmts, esp. those visually and sensory guided.

47
Q

Which area is responsible for…

a) proximal and axial mm control
b) bimanual control

A

A) PMA

B) SMA

48
Q

What is true of the SMA? (Cellular Connectionism Theory Ex. 2)

A

It has a role in more complex mvmts (Sequencing) & is active even during imagined, complex mvmts

49
Q

What is true of the Posterior Parietal Lobe? (Cellular Connectionism Theory Ex. 2)

A

It is esp. involved w/visually guided mvmts and is responsible for spatial rlns. Helps w/sensorimotor transformations

50
Q

Info on occipital lobe…
a) dorsal pathway
b) ventral pathway
(end destination and what each does)

A

a) to parietal lobe (spatial relations b/t obj. and self and to e.o.)
b) to ant, inf. temporal love (what are the physical qualities of the object)

51
Q

What is the cortical lateralization or asymmetry of function theory?

A

States that each hemisphere processes the same info, just differently & is analyzed for different content depending on the hemisphere

52
Q

What is the Right hemisphere responsible for according to the cortical lateralization theory?

A

Holistic logic

  • spatial org. of sensory info
  • symbolic and tonal communication
  • drawing
53
Q

What is the Left hemisphere responsible for according to the cortical lateralization theory?

A

Sequential logic

  • ability to use syntactic rules for communication and math calculations
  • organize events in a temporal sequence
  • spoken and written word
54
Q

What does the theory of brain development by Kolb and Whishaw state?

A

Supports cortical lateralization theory and states that both hemi are specialized at birth, but can assume some of the fun. performed by the missing hemisphere b4 age 5 (equipotentiality and parallel-development theories)

55
Q

What is the equipotentiality theory

A

One of the theories of brain development by Kolb and Whishaw that states either hemi has equal potential for developing a certain function (b4 age 5)

56
Q

What is the parallel-development theory

A

One of the theories of brain development by Kolb and Whishaw that states both hemispheres are destined to specialize for a certain function

57
Q

What does the theory of brain development by Moscovitch state?

A

Supports cortical lateralization theory and states that there is a possibility that one hemisphere will inhibit the other hemisphere from developing similar functions & begins at age 5, which is why there is less plasticity after this age

58
Q

What is reaction time?

A

The time b/t the stimulus being received and movement initiation beginning

59
Q

What is movement time?

A

The time b/t movement initiation and mvmt termination

60
Q

What is the Cognitive Stages of Motor Processing Theory

A

A theory that states there are 7 stages of cognitive processing that occur during the reaction time in order to produce a motor behaviour

61
Q

List the 7 stages of cognitive processing according to the Cognitive Stages of Motor Processing Theory

A
  1. Detect
  2. Identify
  3. Memory Search
  4. Decision
  5. Response Selection
  6. Response Organization
  7. Response Execution
62
Q

What is the encoding period?

A

Steps 1 and 2 (detect and identify) in the 7 cognitive stages of motor processing

63
Q

What occurs in Stage 1: Detect with regard to: capacity code type, and decay rate

A
  • visual:
    capacity: 17 letters/words/symbols
    code type: physical
    decay rate: 200msec
  • auditory
    capacity: 5 syllables/words/sounds
    code type: physical
    decay rate: 1500msec
64
Q

What occurs in Stage 2: Identify with regard to: capacity code type, and decay rate

A

Capacity: chunks (3 if pure working, 7 if use LTM)
Code type: semantic/symbolic
decay rate: 7 seconds

65
Q

What is Stage 1: Detect?

A

It is for image store, both visual and auditory

66
Q

What is Stage 2: Identify

A

It is for working memory (recognizing or perceiving the image)

67
Q

What is stage 3: Memory Search

A

It is the idea of “stacking” a network of related serial chunks into LTM

68
Q

What occurs in Stage 3: Memory Search with regard to: capacity code type, and decay rate

A

Capacity: Infinite
Code type: Semantic
Decay: Infinite/N/A

69
Q

What is stage 4: Decision?

A

Deciding whether or not the individual should act at the time - may include whether it is appropriate or not to act

70
Q

What neuro population might have difficulty with stage 4: decision?

A

Individuals w/TBIs

71
Q

What is Stage 5: Response Selection?

A

Choosing from a number of alternate motor responses (following Hicks Law)

72
Q

What is Hick’s Law?

A

A law that states the more alternatives = the longer the reaction time (logarithmically)

73
Q

What is Stage 6: Response Organization?

A

Organizing motor output as movement distance, direction, and speed

74
Q

What is Stage 7: Response Execution

A

Executing the motor output as to mm, forces, and rate of force

75
Q

Name a test of executive function for adults 18+

A

Trail Making Test part B (#s and As): Requires working mem, processing speed, visuospatial skills, selective and divided attn, and psychomotor coordination

76
Q

What are some problems you may see w/impaired executive function?

A

Apathy
Lack of goal-directed behaviour (no cooperation &/motivation)
- lack of behavioural flexibility (alt. solns)

77
Q

What are some of the executive functions?

A
  • Decide on goal
  • Plan for goal
  • Execute goal
  • Monitor execution

UM - Neuro Science (9 decks)

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