Cortical Spinal Tract Flashcards
(122 cards)
0
Q
Where does the medial vestibulospinal tract get input from
A
The vestibular system
1
Q
What are the 5 tracts of the cortical spinal cord
A
Tectospinal Medial recticulospinal Medial vestibulospinal Lateral vestibulospinal Medial corticalspinal
2
Q
Where does the lateral vestibulospinal tract get info from
A
The vestibular system
3
Q
Where does the medial corticospinal tract travel to
A
The medial ventral horn
4
Q
What kind of tract is the medial corticospinal tract
A
Bilateral
5
Q
Where do the lateral activating systems traveling
A
Lateral white matter
6
Q
Where do lateral activating systems end in
A
In the lateral ventral horn
7
Q
What is the lateral corticospinal tract also known as
A
The pyramidal tract
8
Q
What kind of tract is the lateral corticospinal tract
A
Contralateral
9
Q
What does the premotor cortex do when stimulated
A
Produce movement that covers several joints (more complex)
Generate pattern of movement
10
Q
What does the supplementary motor cortex do when stimulated
A
It becomes active before movement starts of both hands together
It acts before emotion
It is active when you have movements on both sides of the body
Movements of combined sequence of activities that require a specific order
11
Q
What does the lateral corticospinal tract do
A
Controls distal extremities
Fractional movements
12
Q
Where does is the location of axons in the spinal cord or brainstem lateral corticalspinal tract
A
The anterior/ventral/base of the brainstem
Lat column of spinal cord
13
Q
Where does the lateral corticospinal tract synapse in
A
The lateral part of the ventral horn
14
Q
Where does the lateral corticospinal tract Cross in
A
The Caudal medulla
15
Q
What is the function of the rubrospinal tract
A
Flexion of upper extremities
16
Q
Where is the location of cell bodies in the rubrospinal track
A
In the red nucleus.
17
Q
What is the main function of the lateral recticulospinal tract
A
Flexion in the body but may also do extension
18
Q
What is the primary function of the medial activating system
A
Control posture
19
Q
What is the primary function of the lateral activating system
A
Moving the body
20
Q
What are the two nonspecific motor pathways
A
Raphespinal tract
Cerulospinal tract
21
Q
What does the nonspecific motor pathways do
A
Facilitate movement from other pathways
22
Q
Where does the raphespinal tract come from
A
The Raphe nuclei in the brainstem
23
Q
What is the neurotransmitter for ceruleospinal tract
A
Norepinephrine
24
Where does the ceruleospinal tract come from
The ceruloses
25
What do the basal ganglia and cerebellum do
Adjust activity in descending motor tracts
Control circuits
Adjust activity in upper motor neurons
26
What do the basal ganglia and cerebellum not have direct connections with
Lower motor neurons
27
What are the connections for the basal ganglia and cerebellum
Motor cortex
| Brainstem
28
Where does info come in from for the basal ganglia
The caudate
| The putamen
29
What are the two pathways through the basal ganglia
Direct pathway
| Indirect pathway
30
What are the output regions for the basal ganglia
Globus palllidus internus
| Substantia Nigra recticularis
31
What does the direct pathway do
Facilitates movement
| Inhibits posture
32
Where does the direct pathway end
Reticulospinal and vestibule spinal tracts
| Or motor areas of the cerebral cortex
33
What does indirect pathway do
Posture and balance are activated
| Movement pathways are inhibited
34
Where do the indirect pathways end
In the recticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts
| Or the lateral activating systems
35
What is excited in the direct pathway
Motor areas of cerebral cortex
36
What is inhibited in the direct pathway
Reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts
37
What is excited in the indirect pathway
Recticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts
38
What is inhibited in the indirect pathway
Lateral activating systems
39
If there is more dopamine being used where is info processed in
The direct pathway
40
There is less dopamine being used where is info processed in
The indirect pathway
41
What are the functions of the basal ganglia
Sequencing movements
Regulating muscle tone
Selecting synergies (direct pathway) and inhibiting synergies (indirect pathway)
42
What are the two main categories for basal ganglia disorders
Hypokinetic
| Hyperkinetic
43
What is hypokinetic and an example
Decrease in overall movement
| Parkinson's disease
44
What is hyperkinetic and examples
```
Increase in overall movement
Huntington's disease
Dystonias
Choreoathetotic cerebral palsy
Hemiballismus
```
45
What is the most common basal ganglia disorder
Parkinson's disease
46
What kind of disease is Parkinson's disease
A neurodegenerative disease
47
What happens in Parkinson's disease
Lose dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra
48
What reduces risk of Parkinson's disease
Coffee
49
What is Parkinsonian and Parkinsonism syndrome
Parkinson like symptoms but brought on by something else
50
What is Huntington's disease
| What does it damage
Hyperkinetic
Genetic basis-Autosomal dominant
Basal ganglia and cerebral cortex (patients with this disease will develop dementia)
51
What is dystonia
| Where's the dysfunction
A genetic movement disorder that is usually nonprogressive
Involuntary sustained muscle contractions (twisting or repetitive motions or abnormal posture)
In basal ganglia (May appear as a cramp but is in the basal ganglia rather than the muscle)
52
What is the most common type of dystonia
Focal dystonia
53
What does focal dystonia do
Affects one part of the body and is often limited to a particular activity
54
What are examples of focal dystonia of the hand
Writers cramp and musicians cramp
55
What is Choreoathetotic cerebral palsy
A movement disorder of damage to the basal ganglia structures
56
Where is damage in hemiballismus
Subthalamic nucleus
57
What is hemiballismus characterized by
| What side is affected
Ballistic movements
| One side injury and effects on same side
58
What are ballistic movements
Movement of proximal joint and rest of extremity goes along
59
What is the most common cause of hemiballismus
Stroke
60
Where is the location of the cerebellum
Posterior or dorsal to the brainstem
61
What are the functions of the cerebellum
Balance
Coordination of movement
Control of Eye movements
62
Where is the gray matter in the cerebellum
Cells on the outside
63
Where is the white matter of the cerebellum
Axons deep to the gray matter inside
64
Where are the deep cerebellar nuclei in the cerebellum
In the white matter a collection of cells
65
What are arbror vitae
White matter
66
What is folia
Gray matter
67
What are the layers of cells in the cerebellum
Outer inner and middle
68
What is the middle layer of cells made of in the cerebellum
Purkinje cell bodies
69
What are the outer and inner layers of cells made of in the cerebellum
Interneurons like Golgi cells
70
What two ways can you divide the cerebellum
Medial to lateral
| Anterior to posterior
71
What ways does info get in and out of cerebellum
Through the three cerebellar peduncles
Superior
Middle
Inferior
72
Does the inferior peduncle go between
The medulla and cerebellum
73
Where does info in the inferior peduncle come from
The spinal cord and brain stem
74
What does the middle peduncle connect
The cerebellum and pons
75
Where does info come from in the middle cerebral peduncle
| Where does it then send it to
Cerebral cortex
Send axons to pons and synapse there
Neurons go from pons to cerebellum (opposite side,cross midline)
76
What does the superior peduncle connect with
The midbrain
77
Where does the superior peduncle go to
Regions at the level of the midbrain or above
78
What side of the body does the cerebellum control
The same side of the body info comes in on
79
Where does inferior peduncle go to
The brainstem
| Vestibular and recticular nuclei in the brain stem
80
What are the three types of movement from the cerebellum
Balance
Fine movement
Gross movement
81
What does the cerebrocerebellum control
Distal parts of the extremities most importantly the hand
| Fine movt
82
What is the cerebrocerebellum
Lateral hemispheres
83
What are the functions of the cerebrocerebellar
Distal control
Coordination
Planning of movement
Maintaining rhythm
84
What are the two regions of the spinocerebellum
Vermel region
| ParaVermal region
85
What does the vermal region control
The trunk
86
What does the paravermal region control
Proximal extremities
87
Where does info from the vermal enter in from
Spinal cord
| Vestibular nuclei
88
Where does info from the Vermal exit and go out to
Vestibular and reticular nuclei
| Motor cortex
89
What is the function of the vermal
Postural adjustments and movement of the trunk
| Stereotyped movement -movement you repeat like walking
90
Where does info from the paravermal enter
The spinal cord
91
Where does info from the paravermal exit and go out to
Motor cortex
| Red nucleus
92
What does the paravermal do
Control movement
| Correcting errors and movement
93
What is the vestibulocerebellum essentially
The flocculonodular node
94
Where does the vestibulocerebellum info enter from
Vestibullar apparatus
| The vestibular nuclei
95
Where does info from the vestibulocerebellum exit and go to
Vestibular nuclei
96
Kind of system is the vestibulocerebellum
Medial system
97
What are the functions of the vestibulocerebellum q
Control of equilibrium
Control of balance
Control of Eye movements
98
In cerebellar disorders what does damage to the side cause
| Will you see With tone
Impairment ipsilateral
| Hypotonia-decrease in tone right away but usually returns to normal
99
What is ataxia
Lack of coordination of movement, inaccurate movements
100
What is truncal ataxia
| Where is the damage
Difficulty sitting and standing
| Vermal or vestibulocerebellum
101
Where is the damage in limb and gait ataxia
Paravermal region
102
Where is the injury in hand ataxia
Lateral hemispheres
103
What happens if you injure the vestibulocerebellum
Balance -balance problem, truncal ataxia
| Eve movement- abnormal movement
104
What happens if you injure the spinocerebellar lesions vermal
Truncal ataxia
| Dysarthria- speech problem, underlying cause from muscle control or contraction problem
105
What is damaged in alcoholism
The anterior lobe of the cerebellum
106
What happens if you injure the spinocerebellum paravermal
See gate ataxia- wide-based gate, difficulty walking in a straight line
107
What do you see in limb ataxia
Dysdiadochokinesis
Dysmetria
Action tremor
difficulties with time intervals
108
What happens if you injure the cerebrocerebellum
Dysarthria
| hand ataxia
109
Where does the coricobulbar tract cross
In the brain stem
110
What is the termination site for the coricobulbar tract
Cranial nerve motor nuclei
111
What's the function of the coricobulbar tract
Cranial motor nerves
112
What is the side of use for the coricobulbar tract
Bilateral
| Contralateral for VII and xi
113
Where are the location of cell bodies in the lateral vestibulospinal tract
In the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem
114
Where the location of cell bodies in the medial vestibulospinal tract
In the vestibular nuclei in the brain stem
115
Where are the cell bodies located in the lateral reticulospinal tract
The reticular nuclei of the brainstem
116
Where the location of cell bodies in the medial reticulospinal chat
In the reticular nuclei of the brainstem
117
Location of cell bodies In the tectospinal tract
The superior colliculus
118
What is the location of cell bodies in the anterior or medial corticospinal tract
Primary motor cortex
supplementary motor area
primary sensory cortex
119
Location of axons in spinal cord or brain stem in the anterior or medial corticospinal tract
Anterior column of spinal cord
| anterior/ventral/base of brainstem
120
What is the cross site for LCS in the anterior or medial corticospinal tract
Spinal cord
121
What's the location of the axons in the spinal cord or brainstem in the coricobulbar tract
Not in spinal cord
| In anterior/ventral/base of brainstem
