Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

nsci 201 > cortical states > Flashcards

cortical states Flashcards

(77 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what is an ultradian and circadian cycle

A

ultradian: cycle shorter than one day
circadian: around 24h

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

types of changes that follow the circadian rhythm (3)

A
  1. physical changes
  2. mental changes
  3. behavioral changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

external cues used to distinguish night and day (2)

A
  1. daily routines (meals, social interactions)
  2. light and darkness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

most important cues for circadian rhythm (2)

A
  1. light
  2. physical activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how does light regulate circadian rhythm

A

sensors in retina signal changes to the brain (SCN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the central/master clock

A

scn of the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how does physical activity regulate circadian rhythm

A

sends signals (increase in temperature and metabolism) to the peripheral clock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the peripheral clock

A

muscle tissue and other organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how does light influence the synthesis of melatonin

A

photosensitive ganglion cells (melanopsin) sense light and project to scn; reach pineal gland than synthesizes melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

relationship bw light and melatonin

A

light inhibits release of melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

when is peak of melatonin and cortisol

A

melatonin: middle of night
cortisol: end of night/when wake up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what controls secretion of cortisol

A

scn and adrenal gland clock (central clock)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what role does cortisol play in internal clocks

A

plays part in synchronization of cell-autonomous clocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cortisol secretion increases with (3)

A
  1. immune system response
  2. intense physical activity
  3. psychological and emotional stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how does light influence mood

A

light takes different pathway than circadian rhythm regulation pathway to influence mood via NAc and mPFC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

effects of sleep deprivation (4)

A
  1. impaired judgement
  2. impaired reaction times
  3. mood swings
  4. hallucinations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

purposes of sleep (4)

A
  1. energy conservation
  2. avoid predators
  3. consolidation of memory
  4. clearance of brain metabolic waste
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how does sleep help to conserve energy (2)

A
  1. replenish brain glycogen levels
  2. decreases metabolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

why would sleep help avoid predators

A

finding food and avoiding predators depends on visual information and at night, it is dark so take a break

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

why would sleep help consolidate memory (2)

A
  1. sleeping soon after learning increases recall
  2. sleep closes gate (thalamus) between STM and LTM stores
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how does sleep help clear brain of metabolic waste

A

CSF can permeate brain during sleep and clear metabolic waste from brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

effect of closing eyes on brain waves and why

A

brain activity becomes synchronized because no more input from external cues (visual input)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

stages of sleep

A

N1 -> N2 -> N3 -> R

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

stages in NREM sleep

A

N1, N2 and N3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
brain waves in N1 stage
start showing lower frequency and higher amplitude
26
what is N1 stage
transition to sleep/drowsiness
27
brain waves in N2 stage
periodic bursts of activity - sleep spindles; lower frequency and higher amplitude than N1 phase
28
brain waves in N3 stage
slow-wave sleep (synchronization); decreased number of spindles -> delta waves
29
which sleep stage has delta waves
N3
30
brain waves in REM sleep
EEG similar to awake state
31
what are k complexes
spike in activity when stimulus from outside reaches brain, but doesn't wake the person up
32
which sleep stage has k complexes
N2
33
which sleep stage has sleep spindles
N2
34
which sleep stage is the shortest
N3
35
which sleep stage is closest to awake state
REM
36
characteristics of REM sleep (7)
1. rapid eye movement 2. physiological variables increase 3. pupillary constriction 4. paralysis of large muscle groups (twitching of smaller muscles) 5. spontaneous penile erection 6. greater prevalence of dreaming 7. become longer across the night
37
which sleep stage do dreams occur in
all stages, but mostly REM
38
characteristics of REM dreams (4)
1. long 2. primarily visual 3. somewhat emotional 4. not connected to immediate events of everyday life
39
characteristics of NREM dreams (5)
1. shorter 2. less visual 3. less emotional 4. more conceptual 5. usually related to current life of dreamer
40
which sleeping stage decreases as we get older
at beginning of life, REM sleep decreases, but in adulthood, REM stays constant and NREM sleep decreases
41
which brain areas interact to form the neural circuits of sleep (3)
1. brainstem (reticular activating system) 2. thalamus 3. cortex
42
what regulates the neural circuits of sleep (brainstem)
hypothalamus
43
states of thalamocortical neurons (2)
tonically active or intrinsic bursting state (oscillatory state)
44
tonically active state of thalamocortical neurons (3)
1. neurons are depolarized 2. sensory input (LGN, MGN) 3. wakefulness - 'gate open' (receives input from brainstem)
45
oscillatory state of thalamocortical neurons (3)
1. follow electrochemical properties (baseline, AP) 2. synchronize with cortex 3. disconnecting from outside wold - 'gate closed' (no input from brainstem)
46
what determines if the thalamus is 'open' or 'closed'
brainstem nuclei
47
how does the thalamus act as a gate in sleep
when asleep, the thalamus is a closed gate. cortex cannot get information from the outside world which creates synchronization (only following intrinsic state)
48
neurotransmitters involved in sleep (3)
1. noradrenaline 2. acetylcholine 3. serotonin
49
role of noradrenaline in sleep and during which state is it present
main activating NT; induces wakefulness
50
role of acetylcholine in sleep and during which states is it present
processes complex information and cognitive processes; present in both wakefulness and REM sleep
51
role of serotonin in sleep states
high quantities -> linked with wakefulness minor quantities -> linked to NREM sleep
52
REM sleep (a) NT modulation, (b) activation of NT, (c) information source
(a) cholinergic (b) high activation (c) internal information
53
NREM sleep (a) NT modulation, (b) activation of NT, (c) information source
(a) serotoninergic (b) high (c) internal and external
54
awake (a) NT modulation, (b) activation of NT, (c) information source
(a) aminergic (b) high activation (c) external information
55
cholinergic, noradrenergic and serotoninergic brainstem nuclei
cholinergic -> reticular activation noradrenergic -> locus coeruleus serotoninergic -> raphe nuclei
56
NA and 5HT positively modulated by (3)
1. histamine 2. bupropion 3. cocaine
57
effect of histamine on sleep
positively modulates NA and 5HT so increases wakefulness
58
what neurons in which nucleus inhibits wakefulness
GABAergic neurons of ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VPLO)
59
effect of gaba neurons on brainstem
inhibits all ach, na and 5-ht and induces sleep
60
neurons responsible for NREM & REM sleep and wakefulness
NREM -> serotoninergic neurons REM -> cholinergic neurons awake -> noradrenergic neurons
61
what cells are responsible for activation of the forebrain during REM sleep
REM-ON cells (cholinergic neurons)
62
activity in which cortical regions increases during REM sleep and why
limbic system (like amygdala and ACC) -> high emotionality
63
activity in which cortical regions decreases during REM sleep and why
dlPFC and PCC -> no inhibition of impulses or inappropriate social content (ex)
64
why are we paralyzed in REM sleep
hyperpolarization of spinal cord motor neurons
65
what is the reticular activation system
group of brainstem nuclei (LC, RN and reticular)
66
NA + Ach + 5HT = which state?
wakefulness
67
low NA + high Ach = which state?
REM sleep
68
low NA + low Ach + high 5-HT = which state?
NREM sleep
69
difference bw consciousness and wakefulness
wakefulness = not asleep consciousness = realizing what's going on, related to attention, info reaches cortex and having part in mind (awareness)
70
other cortical states that aren't awake or asleep (2)
1. default mode network (daydreaming) 2. central executive network (cognitive tasks)
71
hypothalamic nuclei that regulate brainstem and release (a) orexin, (b) histamine, (c) gaba
(a) lateral hypothalamus -> wakefulness (b) tuberomamillary nucleus -> wakefulness (c) ventrolateral preoptic nucleus -> sleep
72
why do sleep spindles occur
depolarization phase of slow oscillation; generated in thalamic circuits as a consequence of cortical firing
73
sleep spindles are the result of the loop of activity of which neurons (3)
1. cortical pyramidal cell 2. reticular cell 3. thalamocortical cell
74
types of parasomnias (5)
1. sleep walking 2. sleep talking 3. confusional arousals 4. night terrors 5. REM behavior disorder
75
what causes REM behavior disorder
descending inhibition of motor neurons is impaired
76
sleep walking, sleep talking and confusional arousals happen in which sleep stages
stage 3 and 4 (N3) - delta wave or deep sleep
77
eeg of parasomnias when episodes are (a) short, (b) longer
(a) eeg doesn't change (b) eeg looks like active state (awake or REM pattern)

nsci 201 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions